Nanobiotechnology in Veterinary Parasitology: Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines and Therapeutics Against Helminths and Protozoa

Abstract

Parasitic infections caused by helminths and protozoa remain a major constraint to livestock productivity, animal welfare, and public health worldwide, particularly in the face of escalating drug resistance and limited vaccine efficacy. Conventional antiparasitic therapies are increasingly compromised by poor bioavailability, rapid systemic clearance, host toxicity, and environmental contamination. In this context, nanobiotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in veterinary parasitology, offering innovative solutions for targeted drug delivery, advanced vaccine platforms, and highly sensitive diagnostic tools. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in nanoparticle-based therapeutics and vaccines for the control of major veterinary parasites, including Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Eimeria, Haemonchus contortus, and Fasciola hepatica. Organic nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles are discussed alongside inorganic and metallic nanoparticles, highlighting their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic advantages, and immunomodulatory potential. Particular emphasis is placed on nano-enabled strategies to overcome anthelmintic resistance, enhance intracellular targeting, and induce balanced humoral and cellular immune responses. Additionally, the role of nanotechnology in diagnostics, nutritional supplementation, mycotoxin mitigation, and One Health–oriented disease management is explored. Despite significant promise, challenges related to nanotoxicity, tissue retention, and regulatory harmonization remain critical barriers to field implementation. Overall, this review underscores nanobiotechnology as a pivotal platform for sustainable, precise, and next-generation parasite control in veterinary medicine.