Physical Education, Health and Social Sciences

Towards Increasing Operational Flexibility in using Industry 4.0 Enabling Technologies: A Case Study in South Korea

2025-07-28T23:42:25+03:00

This detailed research explores Industry 4.0's disruptive potential to improve operational flexibility throughout final assembly. This research takes place against South Korea's 2014 "Manufacturing Industry Innovation 3.0" agenda. The research examines how cutting-edge technology, particularly Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), affect production. The report extensively examines Industry 4.0 integration synergies and barriers to accomplish this. The emphasis is on how these technologies, notably CPS, improve flexibility and efficiency in the complex industrial supply chain. The study uses South Korea's strategic approach to provide a localized understanding and align its findings with international initiatives like the "New Industrial France" and South Korea's "advanced innovators' strategy". This study examines Industry 4.0's impact on operational flexibility, giving worldwide insights that contribute to the manufacturing strategy evolution debate.

Development of a Machine Learning-Based Arduino Robot for Inline Seeding in Agriculture

2025-08-05T19:23:27+03:00

Increased demand for environment friendly and sustainable agricultural practices has accelerated the adoption of automation technology, in particular amongst small farmers. This paper affords the improvement of an Arduino-based multi-purpose agricultural robotic to operate key agricultural duties such as soil drilling, seed-planting and irrigation. The robot operates each in computerized and guide modes, chosen via Bluetooth, permitting flexibility in discipline operation. In computerized mode, the robotic follows the predefined sample of traces with the aid of the use of ultrasonic and infrared sensors to navigate and realize obstacles. The 775 motor-driven drilling mechanism, servo-controlled seed feeder and relay-activated water pump are the simple operation gadgets of the robot. In guide mode, all features can be managed remotely in actual time. The machine is powered through lithium batteries and managed through Arduino microcontrollers that combine sensor remarks and actuator control. The subject simulation validated excessive navigational accuracy, steady drilling and seedling depths, and correct water supply. The modular plan approves for future enhancements such as soil fitness monitoring, pest detection and adaptive fertilization. By automating labor-intensive tasks, the proposed robots will extend harvest yields, limit human labour, and guide extra sustainable agricultural practices. The lookup contributes to the boom of precision agriculture by means of supplying low-cost, custom-made and scalable robotic options for small-scale farmers.

Camel Milk as a Forgotten Super Food: A Review of its Nutritional Benefits for Lactose-Intolerant Individual

2025-08-05T20:14:14+03:00

Camel milk, often overlooked in modern diets, emerges as a potent superfood with exceptional nutritional and therapeutic benefits. People tend to ignore camel milk in their diets but its nutritional value and healing potential make it an exceptional superfood for people who cannot tolerate lactose. Bioactive compounds present in camel milk create functional food benefits because the milk demonstrates antibacterial properties as well as antiviral and antioxidant properties alongside hypoallergenic properties that attract growing worldwide attention. The nutritional values that make camel milk special include elevated amounts of vitamin C in addition to unsaturated fatty acids together with proteins that assist digestion and boost the immune capability. The digestion process of camel milk produces no coagulum and its lactose content remains low which makes it a suitable choice for those with lactose intolerance problems. Camel milk shows significant medicinal potential through its management of diabetes and immune boost effects and ASD symptoms reduction. The paper addresses camel milk's historical legacy before demonstrating how it could work as a sustainable health-food for today's consumers.

Improved Design Approach on Rehabilitative Exoskeleton

2025-08-07T19:44:30+03:00

The following paper reviews the research and development towards an exoskeleton that not only help patients suffering from partial paralysis regain their upper limb movement but also help the people that don't get enough or any physical therapy get a certain amount of therapy by using the system. The system can also be used in daily life as a means of power assist for regular people.

Optimizing Concrete Strength: A Case for Sustainable Use of Local Resources

2025-07-17T04:16:04+03:00

To improve the sustainability of building materials, this study explores the use of sodium chloride (NaCl) in concrete mixtures as a partial substitute for cement. The study examines the various ways that salt affects concrete, taking into account how it affects durability, long-term structural integrity, and early strength development. Over time, chloride ions from NaCl may seep through the cement matrix and cause embedded steel reinforcement to corrode. However, NaCl can speed up hydration and encourage the production of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) at ideal dosages (usually less than 5% by weight of cement), which improves early-age compressive strength. To maximize the advantages of quicker setting without sacrificing long-term performance, a careful balance is essential when adding salt to concrete. It is crucial to assess the intended use, exposure conditions in the environment, and the existence of reinforcement. Strategies for adding salt that optimize performance while addressing durability issues are still being investigated, especially for non-structural or short-life applications with low corrosion threats.

An Enhanced Robust Type of Variance Estimator of Finite Population Variance

2025-07-28T21:37:30+03:00

Background: Sampling is the only approach suitable for obtaining the most accurate estimate of the population parameter under consideration if it is significant and it is time- and money-consuming to conduct observations on each population unit. For a more effective estimation of population variance, several authors have provided a variety of estimators.
Objective: The research aims to find an estimate of the population variance of the study variable that is more effective than the competing estimators.
Materials and Methods: The estimator has been created using data on the tri-mean, population correlation, interquartile range, First quartile of auxiliary variable, Third quartile, Quartile deviation, Population mid-range of auxiliary variable, Downton's Method, Gini's Mean Difference, Percentile of auxiliary variable etc. Up to the first level of approximation, the equations for the mean squared error (MSE) of the proposed estimator have been developed. The suggested estimator has been theoretically compared to the competing population variance estimators.
Results: The MSEs and PREs of the proposed and current estimators are shown in Table 2 using the aforementioned real-world dataset. Given that it has the lowest mean squared error of the competing population variance estimators, it has been determined that the suggested estimator is the best one.
Conclusion: The proposed estimator must be used for the improved estimate of population variance, as it is superior to competing estimators of population variance.

Impact of Prenatal Physical Activity on Mode of Delivery and Pre-Term Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study

2025-07-29T21:15:36+03:00

This study utilized a cross-sectional survey design and focused on female patients who were hospitalized to Lady Reading Hospital in Peshawar. A total of 132 patients were included in this survey. Data collection was conducted using the convenience sampling technique. The female patients included in this study were postnatal women who were singletons and above the age of 18, and had no problems linked to pregnancy. Data analysis was conducted using version 22 of SPSS. The Chi-square test was utilized for association. The Objective was to assess the influence of physical activity (PA) throughout pregnancy on the occurrence of maternal obesity and pre-term delivery

A total of 132 people, all above the age of 18, took part in this study. The average age of the group was 25 years with a standard deviation of 5.37. The occurrence rates of normal vaginal delivery, caesarean section, and pre-term delivery were 66.5%, 33.3%, and 15.2% respectively. Nevertheless, the occurrence of low, moderate, and strong levels of physical activity were 32 (24.2%), 100 (75.8%), and 0 (0%) respectively. A significant correlation was seen between prenatal physical activity and method of delivery (P-value = 0.00), but no significant correlation was identified between prenatal physical activity and pre-term delivery (P-value = 0.631). Furthermore, a significant correlation was seen between age and manner of delivery (P-value = 0.006), but no significant correlation was discovered between age and pre-term delivery (P-value = 0.157).
The findings of this study indicate that engaging in physical activity during pregnancy has a beneficial effect on the method of delivery, but it does not have any influence on the occurrence of pre-term birth. This study also determined that there is a correlation between age and MOD (mode of delivery), and no correlation was discovered with pre-term delivery.

Determining Upper Estimate for The Third Hankel Determinant of Bi Univalent Function Associated with A New Function.

2025-08-04T20:45:00+03:00

This research explores the characteristics of bi univalent functions related with a new function, with focus on establishing upper estimates for the hankel determinants H₃(1).Our analysis provides deeper understandings of the properties of these functions , advancing our understandings of bi univalent function theory and its connections to geometric function theory.

Workplace Wellbeing and Extra-Role Behavior: A Study of Quality of Work Life, Job Involvement and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Pakistan’s Public Sector

2025-07-09T14:34:08+03:00

Purpose: Organizational effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly linked to employee well-being and discretionary behaviors that go beyond formal job requirements. Quality of Work Life (QWL), reflects employees’ perceptions of a supportive and fulfilling work environment, plays a crucial role in fostering such positive behaviors. While prior studies have examined the direct effects of QWL on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship remain underexplored. This study aims to investigate job involvement (JI) as a mediating variable in the relationship between QWL and OCB, within the context of a public sector organization in Pakistan.
Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire distributed to employees of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Education Monitoring Authority (KPEMA), Pakistan. A total of 265 responses were collected from 14 districts across the province.
Methods: To examine the mediating effect of job involvement between QWL and OCB, Hayes’ PROCESS Macro (Model 4) was applied using SPSS Version 20. However, AMOS 26 was used for confirmatory factor analysis. The model allowed for the assessment of both direct and indirect effects within the hypothesized framework.
Findings: The results revealed a significant positive relationship between QWL and OCB. Moreover, job involvement significantly mediated this relationship, indicating that employees who perceive higher quality of work life are more likely to become psychologically engaged in their roles, which subsequently enhances their organizational citizenship behavior.
Conclusions: The findings of the study underline that enhancing the QWL fosters greater JI. Moreover JI in turn promotes OCB. This chain of influence highlights JI as an important psychological mechanism through which QWL shapes positive discretionary behaviors in the workplace.
Implications: The study provides valuable insight for public sector organizations. Specifically, those organizations who are seeking to enhance employee driven organizational performance. By prioritizing QWL initiatives like fair compensation, career growth, work life balance and safe work environment, managers can cultivate a more engaged workforce. Such workforce is more likely to exhibit higher levels of OCB. This can ultimately contribute to a more collaborative and productive work environment in an organization.

Impact of Corporate Life Cycle Stages on Financial Restructuring: The Moderating Effect of Financial Distress

2025-07-12T04:26:01+03:00

In the current era of uncertainty, the importance of restructuring an organization has increased even more. Among several ways of reorganizing a firm, financial restructuring stands out as one of the key strategies that organizations adopt to improve their performance. The current study aims to find the impact of corporate life cycle stages on financial restructuring. The independent variable in the study is the stages of the corporate life cycle, classified using the methodology developed by Dickinson (2011). The stages include Birth, Growth, Maturity, Shakeout, and Decline. Financial restructuring is measured through three different proxies, i.e., dividends, net debt, and net equity. Financial distress serves as a moderating variable in the study. The influence of corporate life cycle stages on financial restructuring is analyzed both individually and in the context of financial distress. The study uses a panel data set of 314 non-financial Pakistani firms across thirteen diverse sectors over ten years, from 2013 to 2022. The study utilizes a multiple regression model to investigate the impact of CLC stages on financial restructuring empirically. The results indicate that firms in Pakistan typically avoid dividend payments across all stages of the Corporate Life Cycle (CLC), except the decline stage. Financially distressed firms reduce dividend payments to shareholders throughout all stages of the corporate life cycle (CLC). firms at all stages of their lifecycle tend to increase net debt, except during the decline stage. financially distressed firms in Pakistan are inclined to adopt debt financing. When firms face financial difficulties, they typically have limited internal funds, leading them to depend more on debt. Pakistani firms utilize equity financing at all stages of their lifecycle, except during the decline stage.

From Learning to Earning: How Entrepreneurial Inputs Foster Employability via Entrepreneurial Mindset Transformation

2025-07-22T20:27:04+03:00

This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurial education, social ties, and family support on the employability of graduate students, with entrepreneurial mindset serving as a mediating variable. Employability is conceptualized as a graduate’s preparedness for and ability to secure meaningful work in today’s competitive job market. Drawing on a sample of 400 postgraduate students, data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed through structural equation modeling. The findings reveal that all three independent variables entrepreneurial education, social ties, and family support have significant positive effects on employability. Moreover, the entrepreneurial mindset (characterized by self-efficacy, adaptability, and proactiveness) significantly mediates the relationship between these predictors and employability. The results underscore the importance of fostering both personal and social capital to enhance job readiness among graduates.The novelty of this research lies in integrating psychological (entrepreneurial mindset), educational, and socio-relational factors into a single framework to explain employability. The study implies that higher education institutions and policymakers should not only focus on curriculum development but also encourage mindset formation and support networks to improve graduate outcomes in the labor market. These findings contribute valuable insights for developing holistic graduate employability strategies in dynamic and uncertain employment contexts.

Role Ambiguity and Disengagement Among Academics: The Moderating Role of Social Support

2025-07-26T10:29:46+03:00

The purpose of this study is to examine how role ambiguity affects academic disengagement as a result of role ambiguity. Moreover, this study examines the impact of social support in relation to role ambiguity as well as burnout in relation to role ambiguity as well. Two hundred and thirty-one academicians were asked to complete a self-assessment questionnaire.Role ambiguity is linked to disengagement, showing that unclear job roles decrease engagement. There is also evidence to suggest that social support plays an important role in influencing this relationship, potentially leading to a reduction in disengagement when roles are unclear. It also makes recommendations for future research for higher education leaders and scholars.

The Impact of Leverage and Sales Growth on Firm Performance in Chemical Industry Pakistan

2025-07-28T22:27:48+03:00

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of debt financing and sales growth on organization performance of chemical companies listed on PSX. The study adopted quantitative approach. Data was collected through annual financial statement of the company present in annual reports of the company of chemical industry in Pakistan. The data collected was analyzed by using E-VIEWS software. The findings of the research show that there is an significant relationship between debt ratios and company performance ratios. The study contributes to theoretical and the practical knowledge as up till now no researches have been done by using this model on companies listed on PSX. Apart from this, the study conducted on the chemical sector of Pakistan provides originality in the literature of chemical sectors companies listed on PSX. The limitations of the study is that it is limited to chemical industries in Pakistan only and thus direct relationship has been checked using independent and dependent variables but it is recommended for the future researchers to conduct the study. Moreover, the future studies can be conducted on the other sectors listed on PSX belonging to other industries in different cities of Pakistan.

Medicinal and Pharmacological activities of Ginseng

2025-07-25T19:34:30+03:00

Ginseng, a widely utilized medicinal herb in traditional Eastern medicine, is renowned for its diverse pharmacological properties. The primary phytoconstituents responsible for its therapeutic effects are ginsenosides, a class of triterpenoid saponins, along with polysaccharides, flavonoids, peptides, and polyacetylenes. These bioactive compounds contribute to ginseng’s adaptogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer activities. Ginsenosides, particularly Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and Rh1, interact with multiple cellular signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB, influencing processes like apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cytokine production. Ginseng polysaccharides enhance immune function by stimulating macrophage activity and increasing the secretion of interleukins and interferons. Moreover, ginseng improves cognitive function, regulates blood glucose levels, supports cardiovascular health, and exhibits protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases. Its pharmacodynamics involve modulation of neurotransmitter release, receptor sensitivity, ion channel activity, and enzyme inhibition. The herb’s multifaceted mechanisms of action reflect its potential as a complementary therapeutic agent in modern medicine. Current research supports its efficacy in managing conditions such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological dysfunctions. However, variations in ginseng species, extraction methods, and dosage necessitate further standardized studies to ensure its clinical safety and efficacy. Ginseng continues to be a focal point of phytopharmacological research with expanding global relevance.

Fauna of Insect Pollinators of Cucurbits and their effects on yield at District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2025-07-03T06:32:00+03:00

The research work was conducted in open field at Tarnab farm, Regi and Mathra during active season from May till October, 2023.Three summer vegetables Bottle Gourd (Lageraria Seceraria), Ridge Gourd (Luffa acutungulara.) and Sponge Gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca) were cultivated in the present study to collect and identify pollinators and to find its impact on cucurbits yield. In the current study 11 species Amigela cingulata, Anthophora confuse, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. mellifera, Xylocopa pubescene, X. fenestrate, Delta dimidiatipenne, Eristalis tenax and Papilio demoleus of 5 genera were recorded. The experiment was designed in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and structured with six treatments replicated three times. Experimental plot size was kept 6m2 with rows kept apart at 30cm while plant to plant distances were kept 15cm observed. Results showed that different varieties of vegetables along with covered and open flower were significantly affected weight and length of vegetables. Higher weight of vegetable was recorded from ridge gourd with uncovered flower while lower weight of vegetable was observed from the plots of bottle gourd with covered flowers. Maximum length of vegetable was noted from ridge gourd with uncovered flower while minimum length of vegetable was observed from the plots of bottle gourd with covered flowers. From the results it is cleared that yield of vegetables increases if pollination is allowed in the plant. As the pollinators fauna of the cucurbits is very diverse therefore it is recommended to further study the pollinators fauna on cucurbits to record the full diversity of pollinators.

Study of Cytochrome B Gene Variations in Avian Fauna of Sargodha

2025-07-19T18:16:36+03:00

Pakistan is home to approximately 765 bird species, but molecular-level studies for species identification remain scarce. The Sargodha region, with its agricultural land, canal systems, and hilly terrain, provides ideal habitats for various bird species. A total of 34 species belonging to 29 different families have been morphologically identified in this area. However, morphological methods alone are often insufficient for accurate species identification, which is crucial for conservation, taxonomy, and ecological research. This study aimed to identify avian species using molecular tools, specifically the cytochrome b gene, which is widely used for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies due to its conserved nature within species and variation among species. Tissue samples from eight bird species (totaling 24 samples) were collected from various locations in Sargodha through local hunters. DNA was extracted using the Russell and Sambrook method, and cytochrome b was amplified using PCR. The PCR products were sequenced at Macrogen Laboratory. Sequence analysis was performed using BioEdit, and phylogenetic relationships were assessed using MEGA6, employing methods such as Maximum Likelihood (ML), Maximum Parsimony (MP), Neighbor Joining (NJ), Minimum Evolution (ME), and UPGMA. All tree-building methods consistently revealed the phylogenetic relationships between and within species.The results confirmed significant genetic diversity among the bird species of Sargodha. Homogeneity and heterogeneity across sequences were also identified and recorded in tabular format. The study demonstrated that cytochrome b is a reliable genetic marker for species differentiation and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the organic DNA extraction method proved to be efficient and economical. Overall, this research highlights the effectiveness of molecular tools in avian identification and underlines the rich avian biodiversity present in the Sargodha region, emphasizing the importance of integrating genetic methods into regional biodiversity assessments.

Investigation of Antioxidant Compounds in Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) for Cancer Treatment

2025-08-04T19:42:52+03:00

Antioxidants, which eliminate reactive oxygen species (free radicals), are present in a wide range of food items and are generally known as scavengers. Antioxidants are crucial for maintaining human health as the body's natural defensive mechanisms are unable to function properly when exposed to excessive oxygen stress. Among herbs and spicy Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extract and its components have anti-proliferative activity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and best as chemo-preventive agent. Prior research on in vitro examinations of ginger formulations and certain isolated components revealed that ginger exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, including the inhibition of Cox and the inhibition of nuclear factor KB. Additionally, it triggers apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells by activating P53. The aim of this study is to find components of ginger which lay path to overcome or kill Cancerian cells, avoiding chemo or radiation-based methods of curing. The Phenolic compounds were extracted utilizing methanol, Ethanol, Chloroform and ethyl acetate. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used to analyze the compound 2, 2-diphenyl-1, picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Phenolic compounds were then analyzed utilizing HPLC and DPPH array. This result shows ginger extract have number of anti-oxidants, which can further be used for cancer treatment. The purpose of this paper is to study the anti-oxidant and anticancer compounds in the extract of Zingiber officinale for cancer research. Simultaneously, these results illustrate that ginger extract has vigorous anticancer activity against cancer.

Comparative Efficacy of Conventional and Sexed Semen on the Conception Rate of Achai Cattle and Sex Ratio of Calves at Zam Zam Dairy Farm, Bannu

2025-07-25T20:35:21+03:00

This study evaluated the comparative efficacy of conventional and sexed semen in Achai cattle at Zam Zam Dairy Farm, Bannu during 2023-24. Sixty healthy Achai cows (1st-3rd parity) were equally divided into two groups - one inseminated with conventional Jersey semen and the other with sexed Jersey semen. Estrus detection was performed thrice daily, followed by artificial insemination using standard protocols. Pregnancy diagnosis through rectal palpation at 60-90 days post-insemination revealed significantly higher (p<0.05) conception rates with conventional semen (56.67%) compared to sexed semen (23.33%). While sexed semen produced 100% female calves, the substantially lower conception rate highlights important practical limitations for its use in lactating indigenous cattle under field conditions.

Efficacy of Different Botanicals for the Management of Peach Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory Conditions

2025-08-06T20:39:04+03:00

The peach fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)) poses significant challenges to fruit production, necessitating effective management strategies. The research study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected botanical extracts in controlling B. zonata under labortory conditions in Plant Protection Division of NIFA, Peshawar, Pakistan during, 2024. Botanical extracts, including neem (Azadirachta indica), tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum), garlic (Allium sativum), and bakain (Melia azedarach) were used to determine the repellency, deterrence and insecticidal properties against fruit fly. Results revealed that botanical treatments effectively reduced the peach fruit fly population, with Neem showing the most significant impact. Results further revealed that Bakain exhibited the highest percent non-preference (49.8%), while Neem showed lower percent non-preference (37.6%), indicating its least effectiveness in inducing non-preference behaviour in peach fruit fly. The mean pupal weight was lowest in tobacco (1.00gm), while its length was observed lowest in garlic, tobacco and neem all measuring 0.33cm. Pupal duration (11.3 days), pupal mortality (58%) and pupation inhibition (73.0%) was highest for Neem extract, corresponding to the lowest percent pupation (21.2%), while Bakain resulted in lowest pupal duration (7.6 days), pupal mortality (26.6%) and Garlic extract in pupation inhibition (52.4%) with corresponding highest percent mean pupation of 32.0%. A reduced adult emergence and longevity in peach fruit flies was observed in Neem with 7.3% and 7.3 days respectively. Bakain caused maximum adult emergence (17.3%), and control resulted in slightly higher longevity (32.6 days). The ovipositional deterrence and adult mortality were maximum (57.6% and 68.3%) for Neem, while lowest in Garlic and control (36.0% and 15%) respectively. Neem influenced sex ratio, often resulting in higher female proportions under treated conditions. It was concluded that Tobacco, Garlic and Bakain should be prioritized for their effectiveness in inducing non-preference behaviour and reducing pupal weight in peach fruit fly management, while the later demonstrated a preferred choice in repelling B. zonata. Neem is recommended with the primary goal to enhance mortality rates in peach fruit fly populations.

“Power dynamics and control in Pakistan Drama Baaghi”

2025-07-06T03:35:59+03:00

Victimized by society-power-control and influenced by contemporary Pakistani society, the Pakistani television drama Baaghi (2017), with references to real life story of Qandeel Baloch, is a story of a young girl who attempts to strike a balance between her traditional and modern social life. In this article, the researcher will be examining how the drama presents all the types of systemic oppression familial, marital, institutional, and societal through the prism of its main character, Fauzia Batool. As the story starts with her fight against the patriarchal dominance of a village, the quest of transforming to a new territory of exploitation develops in the city the dimension of the media, fame, and limelight lead her to. The play shows the way in which power is exercised but not just explicitly like honor killing but also culturally and gendered expectations including moral policing. Nevertheless, with its crushing suppression devices in place, Baaghi shows Fauzia as a woman of defiance and free will, of making important choices and expressing herself. In this paper, I will argue that this movie serves as a critique of the patriarchal system as well as a cultural text posing critical questions on gender and autonomy and the price of going against social construct.

Political Persuasion in Bilawal Bhutto’s Speech in the Debate on Sustainable Peace and Security: A Critical Discourse Analysis

2025-07-09T05:15:11+03:00

This study analyzes Bilawal Bhutto’s speech as a reflection of the Pakistani community's perception and the country’s stance on pressing global issues. The speech addresses key concerns such as climate catastrophe, terrorism, regional conflicts, COVID-19, and Islamophobia, positioning Bhutto as a global leader during crises. The study has used Fairclough’s three-dimensional model for the analysis of the data through a mixed-method research approach, where frequencies of key terms have been retrieved quantitatively, while the interpretation of the speech has been carried out through the lens of the second layer of the 3D model. Discursive strategies like intensification, referential nomination, and prediction are employed to engage the audience and reinforce his persuasive appeal. His speech highlights the urgency of global cooperation in confronting shared challenges.

Development of Indigenous Scale of Nomophobia, Urdu Version

2025-06-26T07:29:38+03:00

Nomophobia is the fear of being without one's mobile phone, and it is considered a modern phobia that has evolved as a result of people's involvement with mobile information and communication technologies, particularly smartphones. In this study, a questionnaire to evaluate nomophobia was devised, and its psychometric features were established while keeping Pakistani cultural norms in mind. As a result, the considerable literature on Nomophobia was researched and evolved into a nomophobia questionnaire. The investigation was divided into three stages. Items were constructed during the first stage based on literature and DSM-V Nomophobia criteria. The second stage comprised the evaluation of items by experts. At the third step, pilot testing was carried out. A total of 55 items from the first version of the Nomophobia Scale were presented to a panel of 5 experts in the relevant field (Two PhD Doctors and Three PhD Scholars in Psychology) for content validity. Following expert approval, the newly developed "Nomophobia Scale" was tested on 150 university students aged 18 to 26 (75 male & 75 female) to assess its usefulness and any potential ambiguities. To collect data, the first generation of the Nomophobia Scale with 55 items was employed. Initial results revealed that the scale has a strong internal consistency, according to the pilot study, with a Cronbach's alpha score of .90. EFA and CFA were used to complete the underlying structure for the newly developed Nomophobia scale. For EFA and CFA, convenient sampling was used to choose a sample of 500 participants (Male =250; Female = 250) ranging in age from 18 to 26 years. Exploratory factor analysis validated a structure of 4 factors with 40 items. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to verify the structure obtained from EFA, and the model demonstrated a satisfactory fit with (chi-square = 614.130, df = 146, CFI = .964, RMSEA = .073, and GFI = .900). The research has clinical and counseling significance; a common issue can be tackled with the existing scale.

The Influence of Meme Culture on Youth: Addiction and Linguistic Impact

2025-07-02T19:14:54+03:00

In the digital era, meme culture has become an integral part of youth communication, social interaction, and identity expression. While memes offer entertainment and cultural commentary, their pervasive consumption raises questions about psychological dependency, cognitive changes, and linguistic evolution. This research investigates the impact of meme culture on youth behaviour and language, focusing on meme addiction, reduced attention span, and the emergence of meme-based slang. Through a synthesis of scholarly literature and observational analysis, the report highlights the consequences of excessive meme consumption on academic performance, social communication, and misinformation spread. It further discusses how visual memes, GIFs, and emojis have reshaped youth discourse, creating fragmented yet impactful linguistic trends. The study adopts qualitative analysis and secondary data review, aiming to contribute to media literacy discussions and propose strategies for balancing digital engagement with critical thinking.

Understanding University Educator’s Pedagogical Preferences and Perceptions: A Qualitative Inquiry into Teaching Beliefs and Practice

2025-07-02T19:27:16+03:00

This qualitative study explores university educators’ preferences for specific pedagogical approaches and their underlying beliefs, motivations, and challenges. Using semi-structured interviews with twelve educators from diverse institutional backgrounds, the research uncovers how teaching preferences are shaped by experiential, cognitive, and contextual factors. Thematic analysis revealed that while lectures remain widely used, many educators favor interactive and student-centered strategies such as hands-on learning, cross-questioning, feedback loops, and case-based instruction. Motivations for these preferences included the desire to foster critical thinking, improve comprehension, and enhance student satisfaction. Educators’ beliefs reflected confidence in the transferability of global pedagogies and the importance of tailoring instruction to diverse learners. However, significant challenges—such as lack of resources, large class sizes, technological barriers, and institutional resistance—were also reported. The findings highlight the need for pedagogical development initiatives that are aligned with educators’ lived experiences and support both innovation and instructional autonomy.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence Based Models in The Diagnosis of Covid-19 On Computed Tomography-A Systematic Review

2025-07-02T19:37:49+03:00

The main objective of this study is to emphasize the role of Artificial Intelligence based models in the diagnosis, differentiation, evaluation of the severity of COVID-19 while utilizing CT as imaging modality AI based models. This review was according to guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). Fifteen articles were reviewed for the evaluation of the results of AI based models in diagnosis and in assessment of the severity of COVID-19. The presented models shows higher accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The presented models diagnosis the virus in rapid way and it also reduces the workload on radiologists. The models are categorized in differentiating the patients with normal person from COVID-19, other pneumonia and the affected part of lungs by COVID-19.Various tests are performed for the robustness of these models, and the comparison of the AI based models results with experienced radiologists that makes them more useful and accurate in diagnostic approach. COVID-19 is continuously spreading across the World. Advanced classifying and diagnostic models for COVID-19 based on AI are widely available and proved favorable in the diagnosis of COVID-19. The models based on “deep learning” “machine learning” “multiple instance learning” and “transfer learning” are available for the diagnosis of this disease and differentiating it from others pneumonia.The sensitivities and the specificities are greater than 85%, which makes them a valuable tool for diagnosis.By improving the geographical information and number of patients for the training, can make these models very fast diagnostic tools for COVID-19.

Role of Military Elite in Politics of Pakistan; A Case Study of Imran Khan’s Government (2018-2022)

2025-07-04T03:48:11+03:00

This study examines the lasting impact of the military upon Pakistan's political scene as regards the recent ascent and decline of Imran Khan's regime. Since Pakistan became independent, its civil along with military bureaucracies have made policy centrally, often sidelining democratic institutions. Early dominance was achieved by Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, Iskandar Mirza, Ayub Khan, and Ghulam Muhammad; they were called the "Gang of Four". This dominance did lay a foundation for any military intervention. For example, the Rawalpindi Conspiracy and the Ayub-Mirza alliance depict some events. The civil bureaucracy enabled military ascendancy for that time. In the late 1950s, the military was dominant among political forces. The 2018 general elections culminating this historical trend into the 21st century saw Imran Khan’s electoral success through important military backing. However, power dynamics shifted as well as tensions grew between Khan and the military so this all led to the erosion of this support as well as his political downfall. This study shows how the military always involves itself in government by civilians with consequences for Pakistan's democracy.

Factors Leading to Political Activism in University Students: Case Study of Musa Khan’s Death

2025-07-04T03:58:18+03:00

The death of Musa Khan at University of Malakand has become a national issue because of the effective role played by social media in spreading news, mobilizing the people, hence, demanding justice. Social media sources like Facebook, Twitter (X), Instagram, and TikTok played a major role in spreading news, emotional tributes, and protest calls with the use of trending hashtags like #Justice_for_Musa_Khan. This online trend converted Musa’s incident from a local incident to a national debate. Social media has become a principal tool for organizing students and starting protests against the university administration and demand for justice and accountability. The trend caught the focus of politicians and human rights’ activists regarding the incident. Social media platforms gave voice to the voiceless, ensured that the incident was no longer buried, and forced administration and society to confront uncomfortable truths, all demonstrating how social media emerged as a powerful tool for social action and collective action. The study was aimed to investigate how this incident happened at university and how it led to a vibrant political activism amongst the students.

The Role of AI in Criminal Justice: Predictive Policing, Bias, and Due Process

2025-07-06T03:26:41+03:00

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in criminal justice systems across the world is transforming past ways of doing things in terms of law enforcement, judicial proceedings, and criminal prevention. More precisely, predictive policing technologies are designed to make policing as efficient as possible by predicting crime patterns and revealing possible perpetrators with the use of machine learning algorithms. Nonetheless, the speed at which such tools are used is causing significant concerns about legality and ethical aspects especially those arising due to bias in algorithms, lack of transparency, and violation of due process of law.
The following paper analyzes the use of AI in contemporary criminal justice systems, its involvement in predictive analytics, its tendency to reproduce systemic favoritism, and the effect in terms of fundamental rights. This paper critically re-assesses global best practices in an interdisciplinary background and with a particular focus upon the changing legal framework in Pakistan through evolving discourse by the academics and the formation of policies. It ends by recommending practical steps to be taken in order to make sure that implementation of AI in the context of criminal justice leads to improvement in the understanding but not diminishment of the idea of fairness, accountability, and legality.

Combined Effect of Leader’s Narcissism and Power Distance on Perceived Procedural Justice and Counterproductive Work Behaviour

2025-07-06T11:23:59+03:00

A substantial body of literature has illustrated the negative consequences associated with dark triad of leadership. More recently, researchers have paid increasing attention to the effects of narcissist leadership in organizational dynamics, but the research is still in its youth. This study examines the effect of leader’s narcissism on counterproductive work behaviour of employees (in the context of social exchange theory). The study examines the relation in cultural context by introducing the moderating role of Power Distance by investigating the mediating role of employees perceived procedural justice. A total of 260 questionnaires were distributed in the employees from different sectors but mostly from service industry. A sample of 202 employees was chosen to investigate these effects. Regression analysis on the data of 202 employees reveals that perceived procedural justice partially mediates the relationship of leader’s narcissism and counterproductive work behaviour. Study also finds that leader’s narcissism has a strong negative correlation with perceived procedural justice with employees having low power distance than for the employees having high power distance. The research gives us a complete framework of the intensity of a leader’s negative traits in different cultural contexts. The study also examines that how different contextual parameters such as culture act as buffer in dark triad of leader’s personality and CWB. Organizations can make use of the research findings to predict the future behavioural outcomes of the employees and the effect of the leadership in the long run.

Assessing Public Awareness and Ethical Perceptions of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Technology

2025-07-06T19:14:30+03:00

Background: CRISPR-Cas9 represents an innovative gene editing technology that has the power to revolutionize medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Nevertheless, public understanding and ethical acceptance are paramount for its integration into society.
Objective: This study explores public awareness, self-reported knowledge, and ethical attitudes towards CRISPR-Cas9, with a special emphasis on its therapeutic and enhancement-related purposes.
Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to 107 participants with a wide range of demographic backgrounds. The questionnaire asked for information on age, gender, education, and occupation, as well as opinions on CRISPR awareness, ethical opinions, and the role of cultural or religious beliefs. Quantitative analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics.
Results: 51.4% of 107 participants reported knowing about CRISPR, and only 42.1% reported having sufficient knowledge to hold an opinion.
The participants rated their level of understanding in gene editing as an average of 2.64 out of 5. While therapeutic uses were moderately supported (mean = 3.0/5), respondents opposed embryo editing (2.84/5) and enhancement (2.79/5) less. Religious and cultural beliefs moderately affected opinions (3.19/5). Awareness and acceptance were greater among more educated and younger individuals.
Conclusion: The research indicates a knowledge deficit in the public's awareness of CRISPR-Cas9 and the necessity of focused education. Therapeutic uses tend to be approved, but ethical issues persist, particularly for non-therapeutic purposes. Prompts for informed public discussion are necessary to ethically regulate gene editing technologies.

An Overview of Pakistan's Commitments to the Paris Agreement, 2016

2025-07-08T18:02:05+03:00

This research examines Pakistan commitment to the Paris Agreement 2016. Given Pakistan’s acute vulnerability to climate change and environmental degradation, the study investigates how national afforestation and sustainability campaigns contribute to climate mitigation and adaptation goals. Through a qualitative methodology based on secondary data analysis of government reports, academic studies, and institutional publications, the research explores the ecological, socio-economic, and policy impacts of these initiatives. The study reveals that Pakistan has a dedicated ministry for climate change having professionals and field experts dedicated to achieve the commitments made by Pakistan with the global community and mitigate the challenge of global climate change. Pakistan; through various initiatives, has significantly increased forest cover, improved biodiversity, and created thousands of green jobs, thereby enhancing carbon sequestration and local livelihoods.

Integrating Physical Activity and Resilience into the Job Demands–Resources Model: Effects on Burnout and Work Engagement in Remote Employees

2025-07-11T05:30:20+03:00

This mixed‐methods study investigated how physical activity and personal resilience integrate into the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) model to predict burnout and work engagement among remote employees (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007). A cross‐sectional survey of 350 teleworkers measured job demands, job resources, weekly physical activity, resilience (Connor & Davidson, 2003), burnout (Maslach et al., 1996), and engagement (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). As hypothesized, job demands correlated positively with burnout (r = .45, p < .001) and negatively with engagement (r = –.38, p < .001), while job resources correlated positively with engagement (r = .52, p < .001) and negatively with burnout (r = –.40, p < .001). Physical activity demonstrated a modest negative correlation with burnout (r = –.30, p = .002) and a positive correlation with engagement (r = .28, p = .004). Resilience was inversely related to burnout (r = –.35, p < .001) and positively related to engagement (r = .40, p < .001).
Twenty semi‐structured interviews underwent reflexive thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), yielding four themes: Digital Boundary Management, Movement as Resilience, Virtual Social Support, and Self‐Directed Recovery. Participants described how regular exercise routines and resilience practices mitigated stressors inherent in remote work, fostering higher engagement and lower exhaustion. These findings suggest that embedding physical activity and resilience‐building interventions within remote work policies can enhance well‐being and performance.
Keywords: Integrating, Physical Activity, Resilience, Job Demands–Resources Model, Burnout, Work Engagement, Remote Employees

Evaluation of the English Syllabus Prescribed by Punjab Text Book Board for Grade IV

2025-07-15T18:48:06+03:00

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the English syllabus prescribed by the Punjab Text Board for grade IV. For this purpose, two research objectives and two research questions were framed. The survey research method was used for this study. The questionnaire consisted of 20 closed-ended statements, developed on a five point Likert-type scale. The reliability of the instrument was found at .904. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample of 100 English teachers from public sector primary schools in Lahore district. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. An Independent t-test was used to find out the difference between genders. Based on the analysis of teachers’ perceptions, the findings indicate that the English syllabus plays a significant role in guiding and structuring the learning experience. It provides clarity, organization, and progression in language learning, particularly in areas such as vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure. So. It is concluded that while the English syllabus for Grade IV generally fulfills the academic needs of students, it requires further improvement to address the practical language needs of students in a socially and linguistically diverse society.

Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Diagnostics: Clinical Performance, Workflow Impact, and Future Directions

2025-07-17T03:39:19+03:00

A subset of artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL) is rapidly transforming cancer detection. This review explores how artificial intelligence can enhance digital pathology's repeatability, workflow efficiency, and diagnostic accuracy by means of data integration from several studies evaluating AI systems for different tumors types. Designed to find melanoma, prostate cancer, and breast cancer metastases, artificial intelligence (AI) tools outperform human experts either exactly or slightly. Moreover, systematic reviews and reproducibility models in existence call for the imperative necessity of standardized assessment and judicious integration into clinical protocols. Despite the breakthroughs achieved, numerous issues with regard to clinical interpretability, generalizability, and ethical utilization persist and remain of major concern. Besides advancing accuracy in medical evaluations, the deployment of artificial intelligence in cancer diagnosis also has the potential to diminish healthcare disparities considerably, particularly in underdeveloped or under-resourced areas. As artificial intelligence platforms evolve and enhance themselves, the prospect of them playing a positive role in patient outcomes and healthcare processes becomes more evident and realized. It should be noted, however, that oncology artificial intelligence technologies are still in their infancy stage of evolution; thus, their safe and effective use in clinical environments is contingent on rigorous validation processes and judicious consideration of ethical implications. The aim of this paper is to examine the evolving role of artificial intelligence in oncologic diagnostics, as well as in-depth analysis of its current strengths and weaknesses, benefits, and strategic long-term guidance that is necessary to facilitate stable, scalable, and equitable clinical adoption.

Empirical Study on Acceptability and Resistance to Feminization in STEM Fields at the Higher Education Level

2025-07-19T19:28:55+03:00

The main objective of the study is to explore the acceptability and resistance to feminization in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields at higher education levels. The number of females was lower in the STEM field. However, with time, females started taking an interest in science and technology subjects. As traditional gender roles are deeply rooted, STEM fields are still seen as a male domain in some countries. It is based on an exploratory qualitative research design grounded in an extensive review of research published documents on the topic of feminization in STEM education, acceptance, and resistance. A total of 82 research documents have been systematically extracted from well-reputed digital databases through the academic library, and the selection process has been continued until data saturation. Further, the thematic analysis technique has been employed to analyze the data qualitatively. The study findings reveal that momentous paces have been made in motivating and encouraging female participation in STEM fields, specifically in higher education. Precisely, higher education has been deeply embedded and interlinked with socio-cultural norms, gendered expectations, and institutional and structural barriers. Multiple factors often impede the inspiration, performance, career motivations, academic self-confidence, and job placement of female students in STEM fields.

The Mediating Effect of Students Interest in Learning, in the Relationship Between Teacher Leadership Skills and Students Self- Efficacy

2025-07-19T22:27:29+03:00

This study looked at how teachers' leadership skills, students' confidence in their own abilities, and students' engagement learning were related. The Krejcie and Morgan table was used to choose a sample of 144 students from a population of 230. We employed a five-point Likert scale to get the information. The reliability coefficients were 0.93 for leadership skills, 0.921 for self-efficacy, and 0.88 for student interest in learning. The results showed that all three factors were strongly related in a positive way. Also, students' engagement in learning was partially mediating the effect of teachers' leadership skills on students' self-efficacy. These results show how important it is for instructors to be good leaders in order to help pupils feel confident and interested in studying. The results of the study have an impact on policy and practice in education. Based on the results, two main suggestions are made: Teachers should work on and improve their leadership abilities so that they can establish a learning atmosphere that is interesting and supportive, which will make students more interested in studying and boost their confidence. Schools should offer teachers professional development opportunities and training programs to help them become better leaders so they can better help children grow and learn.

Examining How Mindset Affects University Students’ Imagination

2025-07-22T20:58:16+03:00

The goal of this research is to learn about the ways in which the mental processes and creative abilities of university students are influenced by their imaginations and mindsets. Mindset encompassing beliefs about intelligence to influence imaginative thinking. Positivism was the research paradigm in this study. The data was collected using a quantitative research method and utilized a causal-comparative research strategy. The 640 universities students were chosen for the study using a purposive selection method. Two sections of the modified instrument were used: the first with demographics, and the second had 49 items, 29 about mindset and had a reliability of.877; the second half had 20 items dealing with imagination and had a reliability of.876). Three specialists verified the accuracy of the instrument. Analyses of the data were conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that mentality had a moderately beneficial effect on creativity. This research was conducted through survey method and it’s beyond the control of researcher. The findings indicated that there was a rather weak positive association between mindset and the imagination of the students. Implication: This will strengthen the learning approaches of students and expose them to various assignments with the aim of doing best and therefore their assessment and personal virtues will mature as a result of which their potential will be developed accordingly and as a result prefer a better career.

Exploring the Effects of Task Design and Corrective Feedback on ESL Writing Complexity and Accuracy

2025-07-26T20:50:06+03:00

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) has gained considerable importance in the field of language education in Pakistan. However, certain dimensions of TBLT, such as the interaction between task design features, written corrective feedback (WCF), and learners’ performance, have not been adequately explored in the local context. To address this gap, the present study investigates how task complexity, task conditions, and their interaction influence Pakistani ESL learners’ improvement through WCF. A total of 150 university students were purposively selected and assigned to three experimental groups and one control group. Participants in the experimental groups were given a pretest, followed by three treatment sessions where they completed simple or complex writing tasks either individually or collaboratively. They received written feedback on their performance and later completed two posttests. The control group, in contrast, received the pretest, posttest, and regular classroom instruction without WCF. Statistical analyses revealed that task implementation conditions had a more significant impact than task complexity on learners’ gains from WCF. However, the interaction between the two variables did not significantly affect students’ writing complexity and accuracy. These findings provide partial support for Skehan’s Tradeoff Hypothesis and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of language development. The study discusses implications for English language instructors and curriculum designers in Pakistani higher education institutions.

Role of FIA in Combating Human Smuggling at Pak-Afghan Border, Torkham

2025-07-27T12:47:15+03:00

Human smuggling refers to illegal cross of international border by an individual or group of individuals by violating immigration law of one or more countries/states, travelling alone/in groups or through human smugglers (organized criminal groups) and with their own consent/will, on payment of a certain amount to smuggler mutually agreed upon. Such illegal cross of borders is also called irregular migration or migrant smuggling. The person facilitating the said process is called “smuggler” and the effected persons are called victim. The smuggling of migrants is truly a global concern, with a large number of countries affected by it as origin, transit or destination points. Profit seeking criminals smuggle migrants across borders and between continents for the sake of monetary benefit by facilitating the intentional illegal crossover of victims, based on certain reason/back ground of victims, like political unrest in certain territories, natural disasters, sectarian and ethnic issues and for search of a better life abroad. The land route crossing points between Pakistan and Afghanistan, particularly Torkham in KPK is an old crossing point for pedestrian movement. The enforcement of passport/visa regime in the year 2015 has changed the traditional mode (without passport/visa) of crossover into a formal movement. With such legal restriction, the movement without documents or without fulfillment of terms & conditions for entry into Pakistan and exit from Pakistan is of course illegal act and constitute the offence of human or migrant smuggling. This research is aimed to understand the role of Federal Investigation Agency in combating Human Smuggling at Pak-Afghan Border, Torkham land route, District: Khyber, KPK. This research will assist FIA to ascertain the causes of human smuggling at Torkham land route and to suggest some preventive measure, in order to curb the menace of human smuggling.

Exploring the Diverse Aspects of Positive Leadership Practices Exhibited by School Heads in Fostering Educational Excellence in Pakistan

2025-07-30T05:40:23+03:00

For many decades, the education system in Pakistan has been a significant source of challenges. The government is making efforts to provide quality education. In this case teachers and head teachers whether in private or government schools are committed in upliftment of Education in entire country. The effectiveness of these schools depends on the administration and performance of their head teachers. This research aims to highlight positive contributions of schoolteachers and school heads of public as well as the private schools for the upliftment and fostering quality Education. The study was based on case study and employs qualitative research methods by conducting interviews with school head teachers to gain insights into the challenges faced by head teachers and how they can be addressed to improve the quality of education in schools. Thematic analysis identified three themes from qualitative data which were: Educational Challenges, Educational Visioning and Mentorship & Educational Achievements which highlights that head teachers` roles are eminent and despite the challenges, they are striving to bring a transformative change in the school culture.

A Critical Review of the Research on First Language Interference in Second Language Learning: A Study of Urdu Influence on English Acquisition in Pakistan

2025-07-31T20:11:07+03:00

This critical review evaluates the research article "Interference of L1 (Urdu) in L2 (English) in Pakistan: Teaching English as a Second Language" by Masood et al. (2023). The study explores how Urdu influences English language learning among Pakistani ESL learners. While the topic is contextually relevant, the article lacks theoretical depth, methodological clarity, and analytical rigor. The review highlights shortcomings in research design, literature integration, and pedagogical implications, and recommends a more theory-driven and systematically structured approach for future research. Key concepts from second language acquisition such as interlanguage, transfer, and error analysis, are used to guide this critique.
Introduction and Topic Relevance
The paper addresses a significant issue in second language acquisition (SLA): the interference of the first language (L1), Urdu, in learning English (L2), particularly within the Pakistani context. This topic is relevant due to Pakistan's multilingual educational landscape and the official use of English as a medium of instruction (Rahman, 2002; Mansoor, 2004). The authors highlight the impact of L1 interference on syntactic and lexical structures, a phenomenon broadly supported by earlier studies (Odlin, 1989; Ellis, 1997).
However, the introduction remains general and lacks a focused articulation of the research gap. The authors mention the significance of L1 interference but fail to position their study in the context of recent empirical findings or ongoing debates in SLA research. A more robust engagement with studies specific to Urdu-English interference would have contextualized the study more effectively (Mahboob, 2009; Jabeen et al., 2011).

The Kabul Corridor: Opportunities and Challenges for Pakistan

2025-08-01T06:55:40+03:00

This paper examines the strategic value and multidimensional implications of the Termez-Mazar-i-Sharif-Kabul-Peshawar railway, usually referred to as the Kabul Corridor, on the regional economic integration of Pakistan and its geopolitical standings. By taking on a qualitative methodology and using secondary data, the question investigated is as follows: How far can the Kabul Corridor help Pakistan on its way towards becoming a regional trade and transit hub despite prevailing regional security and political challenges? The evidence shows that, despite the fact that the corridor provides Pakistan with lots of economic opportunities, such as the possible decrease of transport costs by up to 40 %, the decrease of the time of cargo delivery by five days, and the increased exports to the Central Asia by more than 1 billion USD, it is exposing Islamabad to a great risk. These threats are insecurity in Afghanistan (e.g., ISKP, TTP), instability in Pakistan (e.g., Baloch insurgency), diplomatic tensions with Kabul, and limitations on the financial and technical implementation of the projects. In addition, competition in the region with other trade corridors, especially Chabahar Port and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), has made it difficult to fulfill the Pakistani dream of offering a north-south transit hub. The paper therefore concludes that although the Kabul Corridor has all the potential of transforming regional transit dynamics to the advantage of Pakistan, its materialization will be determined by quality multilateral coordination, political stability and in the long-term investment on regional peace-building initiatives. The success of the corridor can be viable with the continuance of adaptive and security-sensitive policy approach.

Attitudinal Patterns Toward Sports Nutrition Among Elite Sprinters in Pakistan

2025-08-03T11:25:27+03:00

This study investigates the attitudinal patterns toward sports nutrition among elite sprinters in Pakistan. The research employed a quantitative approach using a structured questionnaire to assess nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices among 120 elite sprinters from various provinces of Pakistan. The study utilized a stratified random sampling technique to ensure representative coverage across different regions and competitive levels. Data was collected through a validated Sports Nutrition Attitude Scale (SNAS) with established reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.87). Results revealed significant variations in nutritional attitudes based on education level, coaching quality, and regional differences. The results show that although 78% of elite sprinters acknowledge the significance of sports nutrition, only 45% have sufficient understanding of correct nutritional behavior. The research concludes that the gap between nutrition awareness and practice is huge among Pakistani elite sprinters. Suggestions include the formulation of thorough nutrition education programs, enhancing coach education in sports nutrition, and the creation of uniform dietary guidelines for sprint athletes in Pakistan.

Carrot Pomace Jam: A Sustainable Approach to Waste Utilization and Sensory Preferences

2025-08-03T12:33:21+03:00

The development of carrot pomace jam utilizes carrot pomace, a nutrient-rich byproduct often discarded as the hero ingredient, promoting sustainability and reducing post-harvest losses. This supports sustainable food processing and waste reduction through innovative product development. This innovative product transforms food waste into a value-added functional jam made from carrot pomace, carrot juice, grated carrots, sugar, and water. The production process involves washing and peeling carrots, blanching the pomace, then cooking all ingredients with continuous stirring. Moreover, heating continues until required brix attained for jam. The research aimed to evaluate both physicochemical and sensory attributes of the developed jam. The proximate analysis showed fat content at 20±0.07%, moisture content at 8±0.02% (with a decreasing trend), and ash content at 91.6±1.22%. Physicochemical analysis revealed total soluble solids (TSS) at 69.4±0.98 °Brix and weight loss of 10±0.02%. Antioxidant activity was significant, with total phenolic contents (TPC) at 40.876±0.13 mg GAE/100g and DPPH at 29.429±0.19%. Among the treatments, T2 was the most acceptable in terms of quality and sensory evaluation, while T4 showed the least preference.

Cognitive Flexibility as a Predictor of Sleep Quality in Working Women: A Psychological Perspective

2025-08-01T13:06:37+03:00

The present study examined the effect of cognitive flexibility on sleep quality among working women in District Gujrat, Pakistan. A cross-sectional design was employed, and data were collected from 150 working women selected through simple random sampling. Cognitive flexibility and sleep quality were assessed using standardized tools: The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) and the Sleep Quality Scale (Shin et al., 2006), respectively. Descriptive results indicated that participants generally reported moderate levels of cognitive flexibility and sleep quality A significant positive correlation was found between cognitive flexibility and sleep quality (r = .224, p < .01), indicating that individuals with higher cognitive flexibility tend to experience better sleep. Simple linear regression analysis further confirmed that cognitive flexibility significantly predicted sleep quality (β = .224, R² = .050, p < .01). These findings highlight cognitive flexibility as a meaningful psychological factor associated with sleep quality in working women. Therefore, highlight the cognitive flexibility role that has psychological value on the outcome of sleep. The paper can be seen as a contribution to the increasing number of documents on mental health in a working environment and may provide interesting reflections on mental health at work and may allow workplace health practitioners to guide their strategy and may invite further research into the connection between enhanced cognitive adaptability and better sleep outcomes and general wellness among working women.

The Role of Parents Teachers Council in Management of Secondary Schools: Challenges and Opportunities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2025-08-04T20:05:34+03:00

Parents Teachers Councils (PTCs) ensures the effective management of secondary schools. This study investigated the role of PTSs in management of secondary schools in Khyber Pakhunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Objectives were to; find out the role of PTCs in secondary schools’ management and identify challenges and opportunities for PTCs in schools’ management. Research’s design was quantitative. Population was 379 principals of district Swat, KP. Using simple random sampling a sample of 192 principals was selected. Questionnaire was developed, validated and piloted as a tool. Data were collected with self-visits. Data were analyzed using mean scores, standard deviation and chi-square test. The PTCs made school plans, managed finances, mobilized community, solved schools’ problems and monitored educational operations. Challenges were lack of funds, awareness and community’s non-cooperation. It identifies opportunities for schools’ efficiency, accountability and improved quality of education. Recommendations are enhanced funding, training and allocation of technologies for the active role of PTCs in schools’ management.

Interface of Language and Archaeology: Excavating Cultural Past Through Extinct Vocabulary in Hindko of Hazara

2025-08-03T15:56:42+03:00

One of the attributes of human language is displacement. It means that humans can inflect language between past and future. The interface of language and archeology is interesting to recover and discover material and cultural past. The undertaken study attempts to clasp receding past by unveiling material objects through linguistic memory of the inhabitants. An ethnographic approach is applied by immersing in Hindko speaking areas of Hazara division to locate answers of the research questions. It is revealed that most of cultural heritage has speedily disappeared in past and old people are the only source to trace it. Data showed pre-globalization remnants of culture in pottery, wears, agriculture and food items where there was no access of modern means of preserving records. The study showed that interface of language and archeology can help a great deal to excavate cultural past by answering many archeological pursuits.`

Death Anxiety and Religiosity Among Patients with Chronic Illnesses: A Qualitative Perspective

2025-08-05T18:46:14+03:00

The current research was designed to explore the patients’ perspective having chronic illnesses about death anxiety and religiosity through semi-structured interviews. The patients with heart diseases and diabetes, age ranges between 25-60 years were the target population. Total 30 patients (15 from each disease) were selected through the purposive sampling technique from 4 cities of Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted based on interview guide. The interview guides was consisted of 18 open-ended questions on death anxiety and religiosity. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Four main themes of death perception, disease and quality of life, concept about religion, role of religious practices and 11 sub-themes were derived from the data.The findings of the current study showed that chronic illnesses effect the death anxiety, mental and physical health as well as religiosity in the patients. The findings of the current study can be used to develop counseling and psychological intervention programsin order to improve the quality of life of patients with chronic illness.

Development and Sensorial Acceptability of Sustainable and Nutrient-Dense Date Juice

2025-08-08T19:27:40+03:00

Dates are a rich source of essential nutrients, and transforming them into juice can provide a refreshing and healthy beverage option. This study aims develops a nutrient-dense date juice, optimizing its formulation and processing for sustainability and consumer acceptability. The other objective was to evaluate the sensorial acceptability of sustainable and nutrient-dense date juice. Purposely, dates were soaked overnight, ground, and heated with pectin and sugar addition. The juice was then filtered and evaluated for physicochemical, microbial, and sensory attributes. For research we prepared three different sample with the different date’s category and made three treatment S1, S2, S3. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments for most parameters. TSS content ranged from 10.4 to 17.5 °Brix, with a standard deviation of 0.24 to 0.28. Treatment 1 (S2) had higher mean values for TSS (14.300), L (49.70), and sensory attributes like taste and overall acceptability were significant. In this regard, taste (S1: 7.3±1.2, S2: 8.0±0.4, S3: 5.6±0.8), mouthfeel (S1: 7.0±0.4, S2: 8.1±0.5, S3: 6.0±0.4), and overall acceptability (S1: 7.0±0.8, S2: 8.0±0.4, S3: 5.8±0.6) values for different varieties showed significant sensory attributes. Moreover, TSS, acidity, L, a, b, mouthfeel, taste, and overall acceptability showed significant variations among treatments. However, some parameters like TDS, appearance, and aroma showed non-significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments. The study concluded that Treatment 1 (S2) was the most acceptable formulation for date juice, with optimal physicochemical and sensory attributes.

How Proactiveness and Entrepreneurial Resilience Drive Business Innovation

2025-08-08T19:48:34+03:00

This paper explores the relationship between innovativeness, proactiveness, perceived organizational support (POS), entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial resilience amongst university students in the city of Gujranwala, Pakistan. Based on the Entrepreneurial Orientation Theory, Social Exchange Theory, and Theory of Planned Behavior, the study has quantitative and cross-sectional research designs and 450 participants were interviewed using self-administered questionnaires. Regression analysis and Hayes PROCESS macro were used to test the hypotheses entailing analysis of mediation. Findings indicated that innovativeness (0.38, p < 0.001) and proactiveness (0.42, p < 0.001) exerted a positive significant influence on the entrepreneurial intention whereas POS had adverse effects on it (0.24, p < 0.01). Entrepreneurial intention was a powerful predictor of resilience (with the standardized coefficient being 0.53 and the p -value being less than 0.001), and mediated the relationship between innovativeness to resilience (with the standardized coefficient being 0.20) and proactiveness to resilience (with the standardized coefficient being 0.22). POS was found to have a small direct positive relation to resilience (beta -0.12, p -0.06) and a negative relationship on intention (beta -0.13). These results provide evidence of the pivotal importance of personal traits in the cultivation of entrepreneurial resilience and point to the two sides of organizational support: it can repel entrepreneurial intention with the undisputed (theoretical) potential to impair resilience but it can also foster it. On the one hand, theoretical contributions serve to consolidate both the entrepreneurial orientation and resilience literature, and on the other hand, the practical implications point at specific interventions to be introduced by educators, policy formulators, and organisations in order to promote adaptive entrepreneurial orientations. Weaknesses are the regional sample and cross-sectional study that requires future longitudinal and cross cultural studies.

Preoperative C-section Associated Anxiety in Mothers Going for the Caesarian Section in a Tertiary Care Hospital Peshawar Pakistan

2025-07-05T04:43:03+03:00

Background: A common response to stress is anxiety which present in patient undergoing c -section surgery as compared to general surgical population. the primary aim of this study was to investigate pre-operative anxiety in patient who were undergoing for C-section surgery at tertiary care hospital in Peshawar Pakistan
Objective: The study's main goal was to look into pre-operative anxiety in patients having C-section surgeries in a tertiary care facility in Peshawar, Pakistan.
Methodology: An institutional base cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2023 to September 2023 with total of 100 patients who undergoing for C-section surgery were included and STAI Was the study tool use for assess pre –operative anxiety in patient who were undergoing for C-section surgery.
Results: The overall pre-operative anxiety rate was respectively (13,9,78%) mild, moderate, and sever. but the study's findings indicated that patients undergoing for C section surgery had a high anxiety rate of (78%), Additionally, the looked at the significant relationships between anxiety age, and gravida, as well as between STATE and TRAIT anxiety. According to the results of the chi-square test, there was a positive relationship between anxiety TRAIT and gravida
Conclusion: Study discovered that the participant average anxiety levels were measured at 78%. The high rate of pre-operative anxiety shown in this study emphasizes how important it is for healthcare professional to identify and treat this problem in order to improve the overall surgical experience and patient outcome.

Factors Effects Academic Performance Among Bachelor of Nursing Students

2025-07-06T15:58:17+03:00

Nursing students' academic performance is a critical determinant of their future success and the quality of healthcare services they provide. Academic achievement in nursing education is influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including personal, familial, and institutional elements. Understanding these factors is essential for developing targeted interventions to support nursing students and enhance their academic outcomes. To determine the factors effects academic performance among bachelor of nursing students at College of Nursing, Female Nawabshah. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing a descriptive research design and convenient sampling technique. A closed-ended questionnaire was administered to 200 BSN students from different semesters in selected nursing colleges. The questionnaire captured data on demographic characteristics, parental involvement, study habits, distractions, and academic performance. The home related factors, Students related factor, School related and teacher dynamics. The majority of participants (200 out of total) were within the age group of 18–25 years, representing 96.0% of the total sample. Other age groups included 26–30 (2.0%), 31–35 (2.0%), and a minor proportion in older groups up to 35 years. This study successfully explores those factor that effect on academic performance and also importance of parental involvement, self-motivation, and effective study habits in nursing students' academic performance. The findings have implications for nursing education and practice and highlighting the need for targeted interventions to support students and enhance their academic outcomes, foster effective study habits can contribute to improved academic performance and future success in the nursing profession.

A Statistical Investigation of the Determinants of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) In Various Areas of Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2025-07-12T04:09:27+03:00

The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is widely recognized as a crucial indicator of overall population health. This study explores the trends, causes, and factors influencing the IMR in the Lower Dir district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Using secondary data collected from four major public hospitals, DHQ Hospital Temargara, THQ Hospitals in Chakdara, Samar Bagh, and Maidan, this research investigates the neonatal and post-neonatal mortality trends for the years 2023 and 2024. A total of 16,339 live births were analyzed over the two-year period. The study employs descriptive statistics, mortality rate calculations, and inferential analysis using the Chi-Square test to identify associations between hospital and type of infant death. The findings show a decline in IMR from 81.37 per 1,000 live births in 2023 to 69.24 in 2024, while neonatal mortality remained significantly higher than post-neonatal mortality in both years. DHQ Hospital Temargara recorded the highest IMR and neonatal death proportion. Key factors contributing to infant mortality include inadequate maternal healthcare, lack of skilled birth attendants, malnutrition, and limited access to postnatal care. The study highlights disparities in healthcare service delivery among hospitals and emphasizes the urgent need for targeted interventions, improved health infrastructure, and community health education to reduce preventable infant deaths. The results provide valuable insights for public health planners and policymakers aiming to strengthen child health outcomes and align with national and global health objectives, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Level of Depression and Anxiety and Associated Factors Among the Traumatic Orthopedic Injured Inpatients of District Swabi, Pakistan.

2025-07-12T04:17:13+03:00

Purpose: Common mental, psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety in traumatic patients of orthopedic received a little attention in the study. The objective of the study was to examine the predominance of enthusiastic clutters among traumatic orthopedic injury patients and distinguish statistics, social and clinical chance variables.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional think about was performed in Traumatic injured patients with orthopedic injury conceded to government hospitals of district Swabi between September 2021 and February 2022. The sample size was 306 and convenient sampling technique was used. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and visual analog scale were utilized to assess the seriousness of uneasiness and misery status.
Result: the total number of participants was 306. For pain evaluations the visual analog scale was used; 36(11.8%) participants were in mild pain, 140(45.8%) participants were in moderate pain and 130(42.5%) participants were in severe pain and the mean and SD of visual analog scale were 3.30±0.67. With respect to hospital anxiety and depression, the 18(5.9%) participants were normal, 76(24.8%) participants were in borderline of anxiety and depression and 212(69.3%) were in abnormal level of anxiety and depression and the mean and SD of hospital depression and anxiety scale were 2.63±0.59.
Conclusion: This study concluded that the prevalence of anxiety and depression is more in male than female in inpatients of district Swabi likewise the visual analog scale also showed that male weas more affected by pain. Visual analog scale also reported that fracture patients were in severe pain than joint dislocation and soft tissue problems. With respect to hospital anxiety and depression scale the fracture patients were in more in abnormal level of anxiety and depression than joint dislocation and soft tissue disease.

The Effect of Social Support on Self-Care Activities and Emotional Distress Among Diabetic Patients

2025-07-16T22:19:29+03:00

The study examined how social support affected self-care activities and emotional distress among 200 purposively selected diabetic patients. The Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988), Diabetes Distress Scale (Polonsky et al., 2005), and Mindful Self-Care Scale (Cook-Cottone & Guyler, 2024) were operationalised and quantified to measure the study's dimensions. Pearson correlation revealed a significant positive correlation between social support and self-care activities, and a negative correlation between social support and emotional distress. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that perceived social support and its factors, i.e., Significant Others, Family, and Friends, were non-significant predictors of emotional distress and self-care activities. The present study's limitations, suggestions, and practical ramifications have also been discussed.

A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Laboratory Regulations in Punjab: Compliance, Challenges, and Future Directions.

2025-07-17T03:56:57+03:00

Clinical laboratories in Punjab are critical to the healthcare system, contributing significantly to accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient safety. This review explores the current regulatory framework governing clinical laboratories in Punjab, highlighting its evolution, challenges, and areas requiring reform. Despite the existence of national and provincial regulatory bodies such as the Punjab Healthcare Commission (PHC) and the Punjab Blood Transfusion Authority (PBTA), many laboratories especially in rural areas struggle with compliance due to infrastructural deficits, financial constraints, lack of trained personnel, and outdated practices. Key challenges include non-standardized laboratory practices, inadequate implementation of Quality Management Systems (QMS), and insufficient awareness of biosafety protocols. The role of stakeholders such as government agencies, professional bodies, clinicians, and laboratory staff is crucial in establishing a culture of compliance and continuous quality improvement. Emphasis is placed on the need for stakeholder engagement, strategic investment, ongoing training, and technology integration. Drawing from international models and best practices, the paper recommends strengthening licensing mechanisms, revising legal frameworks, and enhancing accreditation and surveillance systems to elevate laboratory services across Punjab. These improvements are essential for achieving high-quality, standardized, and safe laboratory diagnostics, ultimately improving healthcare outcomes in the region.

Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine for Reduction of Emergency Delirium in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy in CMH Muzaffarabad AJK

2025-07-21T16:12:20+03:00

Background: Emergency delirium (ED) is a common and distressing complication in children recovering from anesthesia, particularly after tonsillectomy. Dexmedetomidine, a selective α2-adrenergic agonist, has been investigated for its sedative and analgesic properties, potentially reducing the incidence of ED. However, its effectiveness in pediatric tonsillectomy patients remains an area of ongoing research.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in reducing emergency delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy.
Methods: This prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted at CMH Muzaffarabad, AJK Hospital, from October 2023 to September 2024. A total of 50 pediatric patients scheduled for elective tonsillectomy were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups: the dexmedetomidine group (n=25) and the control group (n=25). The dexmedetomidine group received an intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg/kg) over 10 minutes before the end of surgery, while the control group received an equivalent volume of saline. The primary outcome was the incidence and severity of ED, assessed using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. Secondary outcomes included hemodynamic stability, postoperative pain scores, and recovery characteristics.
Results: The incidence of ED was significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group (16%, 4/25) compared to the control group (56%, 14/25) (p=0.003). The mean PAED score in the dexmedetomidine group was 6.8 ± 2.4, whereas it was 12.5 ± 3.2 in the control group (p<0.001). Postoperative pain scores were also lower in the dexmedetomidine group (3.1 ± 1.2 vs. 5.6 ± 1.8, p=0.002). No significant differences in hemodynamic parameters or recovery time were observed between the two groups.
Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine significantly compact occurrence and severity of emergency delirium in pediatric patients experiencing tonsillectomy without causing notable adverse hemodynamic effects. Its use as an adjunct in pediatric anesthesia could improve postoperative recovery and patient comfort.

Comparison Between Erector Spine Plane Block Versus Subcostal Transverse Abdominal Plane Block for Post-Operative Analgesic in Patient Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in CMH Muzaffarabad AJK

2025-07-21T16:28:50+03:00

Background: Adequate postoperative analgesia is crucial for enhancing patient ease and recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Erector spinae plane (ESP) block and subcostal transverse abdominal plane (TAP) block are two regional anesthesia procedures that have added consideration for their potential to offer effective analgesia. However, a comparative analysis of these blocks in this surgical context was limited.
Aim: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of the erector spinae plane block versus the subcostal transverse abdominal plane block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Methods: The research was led at CMH muzaffarbad ajk Hospital,from October 2023 to September 2024, involving 50 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at CMH Muzaffarabad, AJK. Participants were erratically allotted to receive either ESP block or the TAP block. Pain levels were evaluated by means of the visual analog scale (VAS) at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. The total analgesic consumption and the time to first analgesic request was also recorded.
Results: The results indicated that patients receiving erector spinae plane block described meaningfully lower pain scores at 1 hour (VAS 2.1 ± 0.8) and 6 hours (VAS 3.5 ± 1.2) postoperatively compared to those receiving TAP block (VAS 3.5 ± 1.0 at 1 hour; VAS 4.5 ± 1.3 at 6 hours). Additionally, the time to first analgesic request was longer in the ESP group (10.5 ± 2.4 hours) associated to TAP set (6.8 ± 1.9 hours). Total analgesic consumption was also significantly lower in the ESP group (30.0 ± 5.5 mg) versus the TAP group (45.0 ± 8.0 mg).
Conclusion: The erector spinae plane block provided superior postoperative analgesia compared to subcostal transverse abdominal plane block in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Those findings support use of ESP block as an effective analgesic technique in this surgical population.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nursing Staff Regarding Kangaroo Mother Care in Tertiary Care Hospitals Swat

2025-07-21T19:48:29+03:00

Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a dynamic neonatal intervention that promotes survival and development in premature and low-birth-weight babies through skin-to-skin interaction. Despite its established benefits, effective application depends deeply on nursing staff's knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). This research measures the KAP of nurses about KMC in tertiary care hospitals in Swat, Pakistan, aiming to identify gaps and improve neonatal care outcomes. A quantitative, cross-sectional strategy was used, with data collected from 336 nurses using organized questionnaires. Results indicated that most nurses have good knowledge (72.3%) and positive attitudes (68.5%) toward KMC, with 64.9% indicating satisfactory practice levels. However, variations exist based on experience and education, highlighting the need for targeted training programs. The study highlights the importance of institutional support, continuous education, and policy reinforcement to optimize KMC implementation. Results contribute to nursing research in low-resource settings and offer quality insights for healthcare policymakers to improve neonatal care standards.

Assessing The Incidence and Severity of Depressive Illness Among Patients in a Single Center Dialysis Unit Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad

2025-07-25T08:02:42+03:00

Background: Depression is a common but often underdiagnosed comorbidity among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. It significantly impacts treatment adherence, quality of life, and clinical outcomes. Understanding the incidence and contributing factors is essential for early identification and intervention.
Objective: To determine the frequency and severity of depression in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and to identify associated demographic and clinical factors.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Nephrology Department of Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, over six months. A total of 183 patients aged 30–80 years on maintenance hemodialysis were enrolled using non-probability consecutive sampling. Data were collected through a structured proforma, and depression severity was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Sociodemographic and clinical information was recorded. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20 using descriptive statistics and chi-square test, with p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.
Results: The mean age of patients was 54.72 ± 14.78 years, and the average duration of hemodialysis was 33.31 ± 16.69 months. The mean BDI score was 12.55 ± 7.07. Depression was present in 128 patients (69.9%), with 27.3% having mild, 24.0% moderate, and 18.6% severe depression. Among all variables assessed, only marital status showed a statistically significant association with depression (p = 0.030), while age, gender, residence, education, comorbidities, and dialysis duration were not significantly associated.
Conclusion: Depression is highly prevalent in patients on maintenance hemodialysis, with marital status emerging as a significant associated factor. Routine psychological evaluation should be integrated into dialysis care.

Covid-19 Knowledge, Attitudes and Prevention Behaviors in Punjab, Pakistan

2025-07-26T10:57:12+03:00

The study examines SARS-CoV-2 prevention behaviors among adults in Punjab, Pakistan, focusing on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) related to COVID-19. Conducted from September to December 2020, this cross-sectional study surveyed 1,100 adults using a two-stage sampling method, incorporating cluster sampling and systematic random sampling. A 22-item dichotomous scale measured KAB, using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression analysis. Ninety percent believed social distancing slows COVID-19 spread. Standard practices included personal protective measures (90.4%), avoiding non-essential travel (84.5%), limiting public transport (83.1%), and refraining from social gatherings (79.0%). Higher KAB scores were linked to individuals aged 35–49, with higher household incomes, graduate degrees, and homeownership. This study emphasizes enhancing public KAB to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Public health authorities should prioritize targeted education to improve adherence to prevention guidelines, especially among vulnerable groups. This research provides a rare analysis of prevention behaviors in Pakistan, contributing to global public health strategies and informing evidence-based local interventions needs.

Malnutrition in Elderly Patients in Medical and Surgical Wards: Prevalence and Quality of Care Across Multiple Centers

2025-07-25T18:58:51+03:00

Background: Malnutrition among hospitalized elderly individuals is a significant concern globally, leading to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. In Pakistan, particularly in Lahore, limited studies have assessed the prevalence of malnutrition and the quality of nutritional care in hospitals.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among hospitalized elderly patients, evaluate the quality of nutritional care provided, and assess patients' perceptions of food quality in hospitals in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in January and February 2018 across multiple teaching hospitals in Lahore. A total of 145 inpatients aged 55 years and above were assessed using the full version of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool. Quality of nutritional care was evaluated through a 39-item questionnaire administered to head nurses, and patients' perceptions were gauged via semi-structured interviews. Anthropometric measurements, including mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference, were also recorded.

Results: Among the 145 patients, 77 (53.1%) were malnourished, 54 (37.2%) were at risk of malnutrition, and 14 (9.7%) had normal nutritional status. Female patients exhibited significantly lower MNA scores, particularly those aged over 65, with more than three co-morbidities, and those unable to eat independently. Medical wards had a higher prevalence of malnutrition compared to surgical wards. Quality of nutritional care was suboptimal, with inadequate staff support during meal times and a lack of personalized nutritional assessments.

Conclusion: The study highlights a high prevalence of malnutrition among hospitalized elderly patients in Lahore, underscoring the need for improved nutritional screening and individualized care. Enhancing staff training, increasing dietitian presence, and fostering a patient-centered approach to nutrition could significantly improve patient outcomes.

The Role of Glial Cells in Brain Aging: Mechanisms of Cognitive Protection and Repair

2025-07-28T19:29:34+03:00

The concept of cognitive reserve was developed to elucidate the distinction between the clinical and intellectual consequences of brain injury and the objective level of pathology. The structural (brain reserve) and functional (brain maintenance, resilience, and compensation) components of neural tissue constitute the cognitive reserve. These components reflect exposome-driven lifelong plasticity, which determines the brain's resilience to aging and disease. Adaptive alterations in neurons and brain networks constituted the primary focus of this concept's molecular foundation. We advocate for a more comprehensive perspective by presenting evidence that neuroglia play a significant role in defining the cognitive reserve through homeostatic, neuroprotective, and neurodegenerative processes. The development of the brain connectome and synaptically connected neuronal circuits, which determine cognitive reserve, depends on neuroglia throughout life. While neuroglia's regenerative capacities are essential for brain compensation in disease, neuroglial homeostatic and protective physiological responses characterize brain maintenance and resilience. An innovative strategy to extend cognitive lifespan may be to target neuroglia.

Neural Transmission and its Role in Neurological Disorders

2025-07-29T20:55:49+03:00

The basic process that facilitates the nervous system activity of invertebrates and vertebrates is the transmission of impulses and response to stimuli through the body. This process enables organisms to perceive modifications in their internal and external environment, interpret data, and execute proper behavioral or physiological action. Pulse transmission and response to stimuli should be precise and efficient to maintain homeostasis, survival, and adaptation. If the stimulus is strong enough to be over the suggested threshold, a transient alteration of the brief life of the membrane potential is created. This is referred to as action potential and defines the initiation of the transmission of neuronal effects. This electrical signal is initiated by the transport of ions, especially sodium (Na°) and potassium (K me°). Synaptic permeation is a crucial element of impulse transmission. Action potentials transmitted to the axon clamp fill neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap. Recipe types and neurotransmitters decide if they bind to specific synaptic membrane receptors to decide their excitatory or inhibitory effects. Complex neural networks are produced via communication. This synaptic activity between the threshold and the neuron enables communication. The creation of action potentials is a brief, transient alteration in membrane potential, a brand that employs transmission of neuronal impulses.

A Review on Safety and Best Practices in Blood Collection and Handling

2025-07-31T17:12:56+03:00

Blood collection and handling are foundational elements of clinical diagnostics, forming the basis for over 70% of medical decisions globally. Ensuring safety and following best practices during each phase, pre-collection, collection, and post-collection, are essential for reliable and accurate laboratory results. This review explores critical aspects of the blood collection process, focusing on minimizing errors, protecting both patients and healthcare workers, and maintaining specimen integrity. Pre-collection safety measures such as proper patient identification, equipment preparation, hygiene of the staff, and accurate site selection reduce the chances of contamination and ensure correct patient-sample matching. During collection, employing aseptic techniques, using the correct order of draw, selecting the appropriate blood tubes, and effective labeling are key to preserving sample quality and avoiding diagnostic delays. Patient comfort is also emphasized to improve compliance and reduce procedural complications. Post-collection handling addresses biohazard management, appropriate storage conditions, temperature control, and transport protocols that prevent hemolysis, clotting, or contamination. These practices reduce pre-analytical errors, which constitute a major proportion of total laboratory errors. The article further discusses challenges faced in clinical settings, including human error, insufficient training, needle-stick injuries, and improper transport procedures. Recent advancements such as the introduction of safety-engineered devices, barcode labeling, and digital tracking systems, have significantly improved process efficiency and safety. Guidelines from recognized bodies like the World Health Organization (WHO), Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are incorporated to support global standardization. By reviewing the latest literature and practice guidelines, this article provides a comprehensive resource for medical professionals. Adhering to these evidence-based protocols can substantially reduce diagnostic inaccuracies, safeguard healthcare providers from bloodborne pathogens, and ultimately enhance patient care and laboratory service quality.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Modern Era: Diagnostic Challenges and Clinical Management

2025-07-31T22:54:05+03:00

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an abundant type of white blood cells cancer mostly occurs in in adults culminating in deaths. Numerous treatment regimens are available in spite of that many challenges still persist especially in developing countries because they have limited access to early diagnosis, advanced treatments, and supportive care. The aim of this review is to explore the current challenges in diagnosing and management of AML, and to discuss about recent innovations in treatment and diagnostic approaches along with their feasibility. We reviewed published research articles, and review articles from various databases such as Google scholar, Medline, Pubmed, Web of science. Then we extracted relevant information. Major progress has been made in AML treatment, particularly with the introduction of targeted therapies and lower-intensity regimens. For older or unfit patients in whom intensive therapy does not provide favorable outcomes, a combinatory therapy like venetoclax with hypomethylating agents is effective. New drugs such as FLT3 inhibitors, IDH1/2 inhibitors, CPX-351, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin are now part of personalized treatment strategies based on genetic features of the disease. However, access to these therapies and diagnostic tools is still limited in many regions especially developing countries. In spite of innovative treatment regimens death rate after diagnosis remains high in some countries due to late diagnosis, lack of molecular testing, and insufficient supportive care. Although many new treatment regimens are being investigated to treat AML, many patients in still face major barriers to receive immediate and early diagnosis and supportive care. There is a need to expand and equipped healthcare improve access to new therapies, strategies should be made for patient evaluation and treatment planning.

Effectiveness of Pilates-Based Exercises in Reducing Pain and Disability in Individuals with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain

2025-07-28T13:56:30+03:00

Background:
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a widespread musculoskeletal condition that often lacks a clear pathological diagnosis, making effective treatment challenging. Pilates-based exercises have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, focusing on core stability, posture, and pain relief.

Objectives:
This study aims to evaluate physical therapists’ perceptions of the efficacy of Pilates-based exercises in managing non-specific CLBP. By collecting insights from experienced practitioners, the study seeks to strengthen the evidence base for Pilates as a rehabilitative intervention.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among licensed physical therapists experienced in using Pilates for CLBP. Using purposive sampling, 184 participants were selected. The survey assessed perceived outcomes of Pilates interventions, and data were analyzed using paired t-tests to determine the significance of reported improvements.

Results:
Of the 184 participants, 50% were aged 21–30 years, with a near-equal gender distribution (52.7% female, 47.3% male). Most respondents (54.8%) had 0–5 years of physiotherapy experience. Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements (p < 0.05) associated with Pilates interventions, including reductions in pain, enhanced core strength, flexibility, functional mobility, and postural alignment. These findings reflect a positive consensus among physical therapists regarding Pilates' role in CLBP management.

Conclusion:
Physical therapists perceive Pilates-based exercises as an effective treatment for non-specific CLBP. The reported improvements support the integration of Pilates into clinical protocols, emphasizing its value in enhancing patient outcomes. This study contributes to evidence-based practice by highlighting the therapeutic benefits of Pilates from the viewpoint of practicing clinicians.

Keywords:
Chronic low back pain, Pilates-based exercises, physical therapy, perceived effectiveness, pain management.

Unveiling the Healing Potential of Lawsonia inermis: A Review of Its Chemistry and Pharmacological Actions

2025-08-02T08:01:28+03:00

Plants have long served as vital sources of nutrition, traditional remedies, and environmental sustainability. Unlike synthetic drugs, plant-based therapies are generally associated with fewer side effects and exhibit synergistic therapeutic potential. Around 80% of people on the planet get their primary medical care from medicinal plants. Lawsonia inermis, also referred to as henna or mehndi, is widely used for both cosmetic and therapeutic purposes in tropical and subtropical areas. Growing for its medicinal roots, bark, leaves, flowers, and seeds, L. inermis is a tiny tree or shrub that has long been used as a natural skin and hair colour in South Asian nations like India and Pakistan. Its secondary metabolites include tannins, terpenoids, coumarins, and other bioactive substances, whereas its primary metabolites are proteins, carbs, and fatty acids. These constituents contribute to the plant’s broad pharmacological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects. Owing to these diverse properties, L. inermis holds significant potential as a natural therapeutic agent against various diseases and infections. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and traditional applications of L. inermis.

Potential Biomarkers for Early Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Narrative Review

2025-08-03T18:31:58+03:00

Diabetic Nephropathy shows the predominant cause of renal failure in diabetics. It is also a significant contributor to clinical mortality which is characterized by the progressive decrement in renal morphology and physiology because of sustained hyperglycemia. As the disease progress, many patients ultimately require renal replacement therapy for end stage renal disease (ERSD). For this reason, early diagnosis and prompt interventions are crucial to limit disease progression, enhance clinical outcomes and conserve quality of life. The recognition of biomarkers for the early detection of DN is of predominant importance. In recent years, the process of recognition of novel biomarkers which offers valuable insights into the onset and progression of DN has been significantly increased. This review gives a comprehensive evaluation of emerging biomarkers associated with diabetic nephropathy.

Improving Hygiene Practices Among Local Food Handlers and Small Food Stall Workers through Health Education: A Community-Based Approach on Satiana Road, Faisalabad.

2025-08-06T20:26:16+03:00

This study examined the effect of structured health education on hygiene practices among small food stall workers on Satiana Road, Faisalabad. A quasi-experimental pre-post intervention design was employed with 60 food handlers selected through purposive sampling. Baseline hygiene practices were observed, followed by an educational intervention focusing on handwashing, utensil cleanliness, food storage, and waste disposal. Post-intervention assessment showed statistically significant improvement (p < .05) in all indicators: handwashing with soap (30% to 78%), cleaning utensils daily (40% to 83%), covered food storage (38% to 75%), and proper waste disposal (35% to 80%). The findings highlight that community-based education is an effective, low-cost approach to improving food safety and reducing foodborne disease risks among informal vendors.