Physical Education, Health and Social Sciences

The Role of Nurse in Palliative Care in Tertiary Care Hospital

Ashfaq Ur Rahman — 2025-01-29

Palliative care is specialized, holistic care focused on enhancing the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses by managing pain, symptoms, and emotional, spiritual, and psychosocial needs. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study to assess the role of nurses in palliative care across tertiary hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. A stratified random sample of 123 registered nurses with at least one year of clinical experience participated. Data collected captured nurses' practices, perceptions, and challenges, representing diverse healthcare settings, including oncology and geriatrics departments. Result: This study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, with 123 nurses (92% response rate) from oncology, geriatrics, and ICU departments. Most were female (70%) with a mean age of 31 years. While 78% showed good knowledge of palliative care, 84% had positive attitudes. Common practices included pain management (68%), but barriers included insufficient training (58%) and resource limitations (35%). Conclusion: This study emphasizes the very important role played by nurses while providing palliative care in the hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. A majority of nurses showed good knowledge and positive attitude, but significant barriers hinder effective care delivery, such as lack of formal training, lack of adequate manpower, and insufficient resources. Comparisons with national and international studies suggest similar challenges pointing to the same need for an improvement in systemic changes and education at the level of palliative care. Addressing these barriers through targeted training, policy support, and resource allocation can align local practices with global standards, thus improving the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses in Pakistan.

The Role of Psychiatric Nurses in Suicide Prevention Among Adolescents

Qurat ul ain — 2025-01-30

The purpose was to determine the role of psychiatric nurses in suicide prevention among adolescents. The tenth most frequent cause of mortality for adults is suicide. Since patients frequently contacted primary health care (PHC) before committing suicide rather than seeking specialized psychiatric care, PHC plays a significant role in suicide prevention efforts. Psychiatric nurses play a crucial role in suicide prevention efforts since they frequently have the initial interaction with adolescents and are in charge of triage and assessment. The voices of psychiatric nurses are absent from prior research on suicide prevention in primary care settings. A primary health care (PHC) Rahim Yar Khan (RYK), ten (10) psychiatric nurses participated in qualitative interviews. Conventional content analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Psychiatric nurses may refrain from inquiring about suicidality out of concern for how to respond to the response. Both education and real-world experience are essential to psychiatric nurses' capacity to prevent suicide. Helping the patient proceed to the next care facility proved to be challenging, and it was unclear who was ultimately responsible for the patient. Guidelines and procedures for working together with other care actors in suicide prevention efforts were required. Nurses require favourable working conditions because the PHC-RYK organization does not assist them in preventing suicide. Education and training in the ongoing therapeutic practice, which can be done with less intensive efforts, need to offer suicide prevention more attention and space

Assessing Patient Satisfaction Level Regarding Nursing Quality Care at Secondary Level Public Hospital Charsadda, KPK

Sayed Amir Shah — 2025-01-10

Introduction: Patient satisfaction with nursing care is a critical indicator of healthcare quality, reflecting how content patients are with the care they receive from nurses. This satisfaction is influenced by various factors, including patient characteristics, expectations, and the quality of nursing interactions. Studies show that high-quality nursing care not only improves health outcomes but also enhances patient loyalty and the reputation of healthcare institutions. Nurses, who are often the primary point of contact for patients, play a pivotal role in shaping patient experiences through effective communication, empathy, and involvement in care decisions. This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design to assess the relationship between various factors affecting patient satisfaction with nursing care. It targeted admitted patients in a public hospital in Charsadda. A sample of 385 patients was determined using a Raosoft online calculator. Convenience sampling was used to select participants due to its accessibility and ease of implementation. The research was conducted from August 25 to November 30, 2024. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Overall, patients reported moderate satisfaction with nursing care. The highest satisfaction levels were for courtesy and respect (37.4%), teamwork (38.2%), and overall nursing quality (40.5%). The lowest satisfaction was related to patient privacy (4.4%), noise levels (8.1%), and those who visited only once. Satisfaction levels were similar for both genders, with male patients slightly more likely to report higher satisfaction. This study highlights the crucial role of nursing care in shaping patient satisfaction, with factors such as effective communication and teamwork significantly enhancing patient experiences. The findings underscore the importance of addressing these gaps to improve overall care quality and meet patient expectations in healthcare settings.

A Voiced to Be Raised: Physical, Workplace & Cyberbullying Harassment from Myth to Reality

Sara Noor Uddin Lalani — 2025-01-31

Sexual harassment is a problem, with forms workplace harassment, cyberbullying that have significant psychological and social impacts. It illuminates misconceptions perceptions concerning the seriousness of these forms of harassment that have significant psychological, and social repercussions. The increasing prevalence of bullying in physical, workplace, and cyberbullying has transformed from a mythologized issue into a harsh reality affecting individuals across all demographics. Physical bullying emerges definitely defined power dynamics, needs the direct display of aggression and violence which lead to permanent trauma for the victims. Workplace bullying, characterized by intimidation, and undermining behavior creates toxic environments to work. Cyberbullying has digital platforms to harass and make members to feel alone, frightened, and helpless or deal of being bullied. It emphasizes to raise awareness about these issues through education and policy reform. Our motive is to raised voice against all types of harassment that we must listen to victims to create a culture nourished on respect and safety.

To Explore the Relationship between Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem and Resilience among Urban and Rural Adults of Pakistan

Zartashia Kynat Javaid* — 2025-02-01

This study explores the relationship between ethnic identity, self-esteem, and resilience among individuals from urban and rural Pakistan by selecting samples from a population of 245 people, in proportion of 120 people from rural and 125 from urban areas, with a cross-sectional survey design. Participants answered questions about resilience, self-esteem, and ethnic identity, with equal numbers of men and women. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Pearson's Product-Moment correlation coefficients were applied to observe the association between the variables. Independent t-tests were conducted to check for gender and geographic differences. The findings of the study showed that self-esteem served as a mediator between ethnic identity and resilience. All the study variables have significant correlations as well (r =.473, p <.01). The concept of resilience provides residents, especially in rural areas, with a more profound ethnic identity than in the case of those in urban areas since the foundation of cultural values is stronger. There are also gender disparities, such as the fact that women were much more resilient and had higher self-esteem than men. These findings support the role of ethnic identification and self-esteem as factors that promote resilience, especially in rural settings. Further by demonstrating these factors, increasing resilience may be enhanced among both urban and rural populations. This study focuses on culturally relevant mental health interventions that can support Pakistani people's overall psychological well-being while also fostering ethnic identity and self-esteem.

Perceived Air Pollution and Health Risks: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan

Nazia Kanwal — 2025-02-02

Air pollution poses a significant global health risk, yet public awareness remains limited. This study examines perceptions of air pollution and its health effects among adults in Multan, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using simple random sampling, with 145 participants completing a structured questionnaire adapted from Egondi et al. (2013). Data were analyzed using SPSS, applying descriptive statistics. Findings reveal that 47% of participants had a low perception of air pollution levels, while 27% rated it as average and 26% as high. Similarly, 40% had a low perception of air pollution-related health risks, with 30% perceiving them as average and 30% as high. The most commonly identified sources were industries (24%), cooking fuel (23%), dust (17%), and vehicle emissions (14%). Reported health effects included cough/cold (46%), asthma (20%), and breathing difficulties (14%), while only 2% linked air pollution to cancer. The study highlights low public awareness of air quality and its health implications, despite a highly educated sample. The findings emphasize the need for targeted awareness campaigns to improve understanding and encourage preventive actions. Policymakers and healthcare professionals can use these insights to design interventions promoting environmental responsibility. Stronger regulations and community engagement are essential to mitigate air pollution’s adverse effects and enhance public health in Pakistan.

Exploring the Status and Preservation of Ancient Traditions Across Various Localities of Lower Tanawal District, Abbottabad, Pakistan

Wajid Ali — 2025-02-01

Change is the unchangeable law of nature. It is an integral part of our lives, occurring in stages. At various points in history, numerous changes have taken place in society. Cultural societies have evolved from primitive stages, rising and falling with the passage of time. However, the nature of humans continues to transform in response to the evolving patterns of society. No human society remains static for long, as change is an inevitable phenomenon. This study aims to examine the current status of certain ancient traditions in Lower Tanawal, District Abbottabad. It also seeks to analyse the status of various Hindko terms from different localities and explore the status of some traditional food items in the area. A mixed-method research approach has been employed for this study, with a primary focus on quantitative research. The findings of this study are intended to draw the attention of researchers and policymakers to take necessary steps to preserve and protect local indigenous cultures.

Relationship Between Managerial Coaching Skills and Team Performance

Muhammad Irfan Syed — 2025-02-04

To examine the presence and strength of a relationship between managerial coaching capability and team performance. To identify moderating and mediating contextual factors within this relationship. Based on past explorations, this present research focuses on identifying how some elements of managerial training and development practice in terms of coaching behaviors in leadership and ways of allocating resources to teams affects team efficiency and success. For this research the data was gathered conveniently and the respondents were mostly students from a University. Furthermore, survey links were spread the WhatsApp application and through QR codes. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and the various tools ranging from Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Model Fitness Index and Linear Regression hypothesis test were used.
The study outcomes show a strong, positive relationship between managerial coaching behaviors, prospecting, questioning, positive feedback, and direction and team performance measures utilizing task performance, work motivation, and learning. Thus, the study highlights the need to fill these gaps and examine contextual antecedents of managerial coaching skills and team performance. This way organizations can enhance advance on the coaching solutions

Assess Job Satisfaction Level Among Nurses in Public and Private Sector Hospital Peshawar

Muhammad Ihthesham — 2025-02-01

Job satisfaction is a key factor in determining employees' overall happiness at work, reflecting how well their expectations align with their job responsibilities and work environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a nurse as an individual with basic nursing education who practices nursing in their field. Job satisfaction is a complex and dynamic aspect of employment that can influence both positive and negative relationships among employees, as well as their work behaviors. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in two tertiary-level hospitals, one in the public sector and the other in the private sector. Data were collected from 218 nurses (109 from each sector) using a convenient sampling technique. Data were gathered through an adopted job satisfaction questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 27. The results indicate a statistically significant difference between the two groups (private and public hospitals), with p < 0.05, suggesting that employees in public hospitals report higher overall job satisfaction compared to employees in private hospitals. The analysis also provides valuable insights into the factors contributing to job satisfaction among hospital staff, with implications for improving workplace conditions, salary structures, and support systems within the hospital environment. Nurses in the public sector are more satisfied than those in the private sector. Factors influencing job satisfaction include salary, job security, and policies. The government should consider implementing policies for the private sector as well to enhance nurse job satisfaction. Further qualitative research on this topic is needed.

The Effects of Social Media on Sleep Quality and Eye Health: A Comprehensive Review

Muhammad Husnain — 2025-02-05

This study explores the impact of social media on physical health we mainly focus on sleep and eyesight over the university students. It highlights the increasing use of social media with students spending most of the time on different apps on social media like Facebook and Instagram leading to disturbs the sleeping patterns and digital eye strain of youngster. Our research found that most of the time that youngster spend on social media specially before bedtime, negatively affected on sleep quality of youngsters by disrupting circadian rhythms and face difficulties in falling asleep. Additionally, screen time has directly linked to eye strain, dryness and headaches largely due to blue light exposure. The study also suggests that use of social media may cause mental fatigue, further contributing to physical health issues. By analyzing the responses of 106 students, the study confirmed that excessive social media use significantly harms sleep quality and eyesight. The results support the hypothesis that prolonged screen time has adverse effects on health. This research underscores the need to balance social media use to prevent physical health issues in the digital age.

Assessing the Level of Knowledge Regarding Basic Life Support in Undergraduate Nursing Students at Private Colleges of Nursing at Peshawar, Pakistan

Muhammad Salman Alam — 2025-02-01

This study looks at the level of knowledge about Basic Life Support (BLS) among undergraduate nursing students at private colleges in Peshawar, Pakistan. BLS is a crucial skill for healthcare workers, especially in emergency situations where quick action can make a life-or-death difference. The goal of this research is to assess how prepared nursing students are to perform BLS and to pinpoint areas where their training could be improved

The Impact of Political Instability on Financial Anxiety, Career Orientation, Job Aspirations, Academic Performance, and Psychological Well-being among University Students

Ayesha Tasbiha Khan — 2025-02-05

This study examines the impact of political instability on financial anxiety, career orientation, job aspirations, academic performance, and psychological well-being among university students in Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted using stratified random sampling to select 400 students from various academic disciplines. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire incorporating validated scales such as the Financial Anxiety Scale, Career Adaptability Scale, Career Aspiration Scale, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Brief Resilience Scale. Results indicate a significant correlation between political instability and financial anxiety (r = .482, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis shows that political instability significantly predicts financial anxiety (β = .38, p = 0.001) and academic engagement (β = .21, p = 0.010). Students perceiving high political instability demonstrate lower academic performance (M = 2.61, SD = 0.74) than those perceiving low instability (M = 3.12, SD = 0.68, p = 0.001). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis confirms that political instability increases stress (β = .50, p = 0.001) and anxiety (β = .47, p = 0.002) while decreasing emotional resilience (β = -0.34, p = 0.005). Students primarily use problem-focused coping (M = 3.98, SD = 0.85), followed by emotion-focused coping (M = 3.45, SD = 0.72). The study underscores the need for institutional interventions to support students facing political instability.

Psychological Complications in Fetus of Teenage Mothers: A Mix Method Study

Hifza Arooj — 2025-02-07

Teenage pregnancies present significant health and psychological challenges, particularly in underdeveloped and populated region like Faisalabad District, Punjab, Pakistan. The study is aimed to evaluate psychological complications through semi structured interviews and observation methods through longitudinal strategy that may arise in fetuses due to maternal stress, inadequate medical care, and socio economic factors associated with adolescent pregnancies. Maternal stress and anxiety during the production period have been linked to altered fetal brain development, increasing the risk of cognitive and emotional disorders in newborns. Additionally, poor nutrition, lack of medical care, and social stigma contribute to developmental delays, low birth weight, and higher incidents of mental health disorders in the later life. This is suggested to tackle the targeted health program urgently, mental health care through psychotherapy, and educational initiatives to mitigate the risk associated with teenage pregnancies in Faisalabad. By addressing these issues, the neonatal health outcome and prolonged psychological burden on both mother and child can be improved by health initiatives and education.

Attitudes of Nursing Students in Pakistan Regarding Mental Health Awareness

Muhammad Idris — 2025-02-08

Introduction: Mental health awareness is crucial for nursing students, as they play a vital role in patient care. This study explores their attitudes, perceptions, and willingness to engage in mental health education and care, highlighting factors influencing their perspectives and the need for improved awareness. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a nursing institute in Karachi, Pakistan, with a sample of 132 undergraduate nursing students selected through stratified random sampling. A validated self-administered questionnaire assessed demographic details, mental health awareness, attitudes, and help-seeking behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS, employing descriptive and inferential statistics, ensuring ethical considerations. Result: Among 132 nursing students, 68% had prior exposure to mental health topics, but only 40% had a strong understanding. Stigma was prevalent, with 45% holding negative perceptions. Only 30% showed strong willingness to pursue mental health nursing. Barriers to seeking help included fear of judgment (60%) and lack of trust (50%). Conclusion: The study found that nursing students had moderate mental health awareness but exhibited stigma and reluctance toward psychiatric nursing. Limited exposure and societal perceptions influenced their attitudes. Integrating mental health education into curricula and awareness campaigns is essential to reduce stigma, improve confidence, and enhance students' ability to support mental health care effectively.

Correlation of Anemia with Malaria in Children of Age Group 1-12 Years Admitted at Khairpur Medical College Hospital

Waqar Ahmed Memon — 2025-02-08

Malaria is a major cause of anemia in children with a complex, bidirectional relationship caused by the parasite plasmodium leading to hemolysis and anemia. Malaria can also increase the risk of severe anemia, as a lower hemoglobin concentration can lead to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues, exacerbating hypoxia and organ dysfunction. Anemia is a disorder characterized by a low hemoglobin concentration or a low red blood cell count, whereas malaria is a parasite infection carried by the bite of infected mosquitoes. According to data from the World Health Organization, Pakistan reported more than 3.4 million suspected cases of malaria from January to August of 2022, which is more than the 2.6 million instances that were noted in 2021. The main objective of proposed study is to investigate the correlation of malaria with anemia in children of age group 1-12 years. Study was conducted on 260 patients of malaria and anaemia, and 150 individuals were used as control group. Demographic result showed socioeconomics, residential locations, literacy and detailed history about malaria and anaemia. The finding from survey questionnaire, we concluded that socioeconomic conditions, residential locations and literacy rate are significant risk factors of the disease. The incidence of correlation of malaria with anaemia is determined to be higher in male than female children with school going child above the 5 years of age. The 208 children were plasmodium vivax positive, 42 children were plasmodium falciparum positive, and 10 patients weremixed picture. In plasmodium vivax positive patients 33% had blood transfusions which indicated the severity of anemia with PV (Hb < 5.0 mg/dl. Whereas in plasmodium falciparum positive patients 16% had blood transfusions which showed the severity of anemia with PF (Hb < 6.0 mg/dl. Malaria frequently associated with anaemia in term of haemoglobin, erythrocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. The conclusion drawn from study, there is strong correlation of anaemia with malaria in children

Development of an indigenous scale for Satisfaction with Medical Care

Razma Mazhar — 2025-02-09

The current study emphasized its attention to develop an indigenous scale on Patient’s satisfaction with medical care in Urdu language. The scale was developed with purpose to illuminate the satisfaction level of patients from their respective doctors, staff and facilities provided to them in hospital where they are being treated. Age range for scale was 30-60 years. Patients admitted and being treated were considered for evaluation only. The initial draft was prepared through literature’s assistance, experts’ opinion, interviews and personal observations. Piloted study was also conducted to estimate the length and effectiveness of items. After piloting study, exploratory factor analysis was done via SPSS and principal component analysis was also applied. The cronbach’s alpha of three-factor model was .94. KMO and Bartlett’s test also explicates its reliability. Two factors named quality and comfort of health care facilities, wait time and finance were conducted after the analysis on the basis of literature review. Items total correlation was also evaluated. Exploratory factor analysis was done to extract the factors, factor structure and to finalize the items. Principal component analysis was done with varimax rotation method. The analysis explicated the scale’s reliability that the scale is reliable and valid for patients admitted in medical care unit. After exploratory factor analysis confirmatory factor analysis was done with AMOS 22 to confirm the scale’s reliability it also illustrated that scale is reliable. For estimating reliability, test-retest method and convergent validity was done. The results revealed that the test is valid and reliable. The findings revealed that scale is the best measure for research purpose and for clinical administrations.

The Fast-Food Experience: Key Determinants of Satisfaction and Loyalty Among University Students

Aiman Javed — 2025-02-10

Drawing on signaling theory, this study aims to understand how food quality, price fairness and service quality drive customer satisfaction. Furthermore, it also examines the subsequent effect of customer satisfaction on fostering customer loyalty. The extant literature reveals a scarcity of studies exploring the determinants of customer loyalty in Pakistan’s fast-food sector, with most prior research predominantly focusing on fast-food establishments in developed countries. This study addresses these gaps in the literature. Convenience sampling was employed, and data were collected from 180 students of Malakand University through structured questionnaire. Regression analysis results indicated significant relationships between food quality, price fairness, service quality, and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated a substantial and positive customer satisfaction association between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This study presents significant implications for restaurant operators seeking to comprehend the pivotal roles of food quality, service quality, and price fairness in shaping customer satisfaction and loyalty. It underscores the importance of prioritizing high-quality food at fair prices while enhancing service quality. The service staff plays a crucial role in delivering exceptional dining experiences, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and promoting customer loyalty. In addition, the paper critically examines the study’s limitations and calls for future research

Understanding the use of Indexical, Symbolic and Iconic signs in the interface of Twitter and Facebook: A semiotic perspective

Dr. Farooq Ahmed — 2025-02-10

Icons, signs, and symbols are important in modern communication systems, particularly digital language. Social media platforms make considerable use of these graphic components in their user interfaces (UI & UX) to allow users to easily traverse various functions. Sites such as Twitter and Facebook, which are well-known for connecting people all over the world, use a variety of icons to help users interact and complete tasks. This paper sought to investigate these icons and their intended meanings, basing its analysis on semiotics. It examined how indexical signs, icons, and symbols in Facebook and Twitter's user interfaces engaged users, helping to generate both inferred and explicit meanings. Data were sourced directly from Twitter and Facebook interfaces, demonstrating that iconic and symbolic signs dominated the graphical representations, with obvious meanings.

Epidemiology of Malaria in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abdus Sami — 2025-02-11

Malaria was the intended outcome of this investigation of the prevalence of the disease among patients attending two large hospitals in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. From January 2024 through June 2024, 375 blood samples from patients at two prominent government teaching hospitals the District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital and the Mufti Mehmood Teaching Memorial Hospital of D.I. Khan were randomly obtained for the purpose of diagnosing malaria. A thin blood film and a thick blood film were created on a slide in order to identify Plasmodium parasites under a microscope. Plasmodium was found in 66 out of the total samples. Males had a higher prevalence of positive cases (23.5%) than females (10.5%), making up 17.6% of the total. The male age group over 14 years had the highest proportion at 27.5%, while the female age group under 5 years had the lowest frequency at 5%. The urban population had the lowest frequency at 11.3%, while the rural population had the highest at 21.7%. Mixed infections of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum demonstrated the lowest malaria frequency at 0.8%, whereas P. vivax constituted the most frequent malaria infection at 15.5%.

Evaluation of awareness and incidence of Hyperthyroidism in residence of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan

Fatima Afzal — 2025-02-12

Background: Hyperthyroidism is a common thyroid disorder with multiple underlying etiologies. The disease is characterized by excess of thyroid hormone production. Hyperthyroidism is associated with significant short term and long-term morbidity. Early recognition of the condition and timely instruction of appropriate therapy is crucial.
Method: The data collection for hyperthyroidism included a total of 422 participants. The data was collected from July to August 2024. The sample size was calculated using Rao soft software. For data analysis Microsoft Excel 2019 was used. Statistics (frequency, cumulative frequency, percentage) was calculated.
Result: Of the 422 participants 66.42 % of individuals were reported to know about treatment options of hyperthyroidism.59.28% of participants considered it life threatening. 63.57% participants considered irregular periods in women could be a symptom of hyperthyroidism.
Conclusion: Study findings indicated people have understanding of hyperthyroidism but they do not consider visiting a physician for diagnosis. There is a need for early detection, prevention strategies, improved management of symptoms, proper educational campaigns.

A Study On the Prevelance of Typhoid Fever, Associated with Comorbidities and Management Challenges in Sialkot, Pakistan

Fatima Afzal — 2025-02-12

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection mostly caused by contaminated food and water. It can affect people of any age but most probably the elderly or people living in poor sanitation. Despite it is very common disease occurring in Pakistan many people are unaware of the cause of the disease and they lack information about how to overcome it. The goal of this study is to assess the knowledge and awareness of typhoid fever among general population of district Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 399 individuals from Sialkot's general population. The designed Questionnaire was distributed, dully filled by participants after getting their consent
Results: Out of 399 individuals 85% people are aware of the term typhoid fever remaining 15% are unaware. Certain factors affect awareness levels of typhoid fever among people such as age, education level and gender. 54.1% people consider this disease life threatening 70% people are aware about the diagnostic procedures.
Conclusion:The conclusion of the study is that most of the people of district Sialkot are aware about the disease typhoid fever. Mostly people are aware of the diagnostic procedures and treatment protocols

Renal Vision Advanced Kidney Disease Detection Using Attention-Powered Ensemble CNNs

Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar — 2025-02-12

The kidneys eliminate waste, pollutants, and unnecessary water from the bloodstream, which helps to sustain general health. Impaired kidney functioning can have solemn effects for someone's health. Machine learning (ML) approaches have revealed to be operative tools for enlightening clinical decision-making and reducing ambiguity. However, current approaches for detecting kidney disease are frequently imprecise because to biological characteristic constraints. This study delivers a progressive machine learning model that forecasts renal illness by combining preprocessing procedures, hyper parameter optimization, feature selection and Machine Learning algorithms. To improve detection accuracy, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used in aggregation with an attention mechanism. The model identifies kidney anomalies, for example cysts, stones, and cancers, as markers of renal illness. The model was validated using k-fold cross-validation, and the dataset contained around 4000 photos (1000 in each class). The suggested CNN with concentration model has a remarkable accuracy of 99.87% in diagnosing various kidney disease kinds. This version simplifies the language and simplifies the process while leaving the important elements intact.

Association of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction with Vestibular Insufficiency Among Health Science University Students

Muhammad Umer Atif — 2025-02-15

This study aims to find out the relationship of temporomandibular disorder with vestibular insufficiency. To Study the relationship of ear and balance symptoms in TMD patients such as headache, dizziness, aural fullness, tinnitus, facial pain, postural sway and dysfunction. To evaluate that the association of these two variables (if positive) have any impact on the quality of life of patients with dizziness. A cross-sectional study was conducted on the sample of 126 students of different university population. Individuals of age 18 to 27 years were included who have temporomandibular disorder symptoms and individuals with any systemic disease or trauma were excluded. Fonseca’s questionnaire was used to assess the temporomandibular disorder and then two tests were performed. The one-minute full open mouth test to evaluate the degree of temporomandibular dysfunction either it is mild moderate or severe and stabile-metric test to evaluate the relationship of temporomandibular dysfunction with vestibular insufficiency. Then to analyze the study by SPSS, chi-square was applied. Results showed that p<0.05, value of p is less than value of α so that means null hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis is proved. There is strong association between temporomandibular disorder and vestibular insufficiency but usually people ignore their symptoms due to lack of awareness.

Secure Medical Data Transmission: An Adversarial Neural Cryptography-Based Steganography Technique with Digital Signature and LSB Replacement

Gulfam Ahmad — 2025-02-17

It is difficult to secure sensitive healthcare data in light of current technological advancements. Protecting medical material, including patient privacy, is one of the most important concerns with medical information security. In order to safeguard confidentiality, integrity, and availability, security measures must be put in place as medical information becomes increasingly accessible. Recently, image steganography was suggested as an additional data security measure for medical information. This study describes a data-hiding strategy for DICOM medical images. In order to maintain confidentiality, we encrypt and hide the RGB patient image within the Region of Non-Interest (RONI) of the medical image using Adversarial Neural Cryptography with SHA-256 (ANC-SHA-256). Before embedding, we encrypt the RGB patient picture using ANC-SHA-256 to guarantee anonymity. To verify the integrity and authenticity of medical images, we use a secure hash technique with 256 bits (SHA-256) to create a digital signature from the data associated with the DICOM file. Using a variety of medical datasets, such as MRI, CT, X-ray, and ultrasound cover images, several tests were carried out to evaluate visual quality. As a patient-concealed image, the LFW dataset was used. In terms of visual quality metrics, such as the PSNR average of 67.55, the NCC average of 0.9959, the SSIM average of 0.9887, the UQI average of 0.9859, and the APE average of 3.83, the suggested approach works well. In six medical evaluation categories, it performs better than the state-of-the-art methods in these visual quality metrics (PSNR, MSE, and SSIM). Additionally, the suggested approach provides excellent visual quality while withstanding geometrical threats like cropping, rotation, and scaling, as well as physical changes and histogram analysis. Lastly, its high attaining security ratio of 99% during remote transmission of Electronic Patient Records (EPR) via the Internet makes it especially effective in telemedicine applications, protecting patient privacy and data integrity.

Nurses knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS patients

Shanza Kanwal — 2025-02-17

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) remain significant global health concerns, with stigma and discrimination acting as barriers to effective healthcare access. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of nurses toward HIV/AIDS patients in Jinnah Hospital, Lahore (JHL). A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized, with a sample of 120 nurses selected through non-probability sampling. A structured questionnaire assessed participants' knowledge and attitudes. Findings revealed that while 52% of nurses had satisfactory knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS transmission, 70% exhibited negative attitudes toward HIV-positive individuals. Many nurses held stigmatizing beliefs, advocating for HIV patients to remain isolated at home or in hospitals. Despite advances in treatment and education, misconceptions about transmission persisted, influencing care delivery. The study highlights the urgent need for targeted educational interventions to improve nurses’ understanding and foster compassionate, non-discriminatory attitudes. The results emphasize that knowledge alone is insufficient to change attitudes; structured training programs are essential to address stigma within the healthcare sector. Hospital administrations must implement policies that ensure evidence-based nursing practices and promote empathy toward HIV/AIDS patients. Strengthening nurses’ education and awareness will contribute to improved healthcare outcomes and reduced stigma for people living with HIV/AIDS.

Awareness About Breast Self-Examination Among Young Nurses of Jinnah Hospital Lahore

Laraib Fatima — 2025-02-17

Breast self-examination is a screening method used in an attempt to detect breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself observing and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling. Breast self -examination is recommended because it is safe, easy, feasible, private, painless and require no specific equipment. Breast self- examination plays important role in preventing breast cancer by using standard guidelines. Objectives: Current study was designed to evaluate nurse’s knowledge and practice of BSE in order to decrease breast cancer. The objectives of study were to assess nurse’s knowledge about breast cancer and its relationship to BSE and barriers toward BSE. Method: The descriptive cross- sectional design was used. Study population included 120 nurse’s working in JHL. Nurse’s knowledge was evaluated using a modified questionnaire on Breast cancer prevention awareness. Non- probability sampling technique was used. Results: The response rate was 100%. Females constituted 100% of study participants. 66% nurses were university graduate having Post RN degree. Majority of participants (80%) stated that breast self-examination is a useful tool for early detection of breast cancer but only half of them (47%) were practicing breast self-examination. Majority of the participants had satisfactory level of knowledge but less satisfactory level of practices 50% and 47% respectively. Conclusion: The results of current study revealed nurses’ high level of knowledge but somehow low level of practice about breast self-examination. Therefore, hospital should organize adequate training programs in order to enhance nurses’ practice of breast self-examination according to standard guidelines to prevent or detect breast cancer.

Emerging Role And Mechanism of Markers in Breast Cancer

Tooba Kashaf — 2025-02-24

Breast cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide, primarily affecting women but also occurring in men. While its exact cause remains unknown, several risk factors have been identified, including age, family history, genetic mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2), hormonal influences, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. Recent research has highlighted various genetic, epigenetic, and proteasomal markers that improve diagnosis and treatment. Key biomarkers include BRCA1/BRCA2, Ki67, p53, Cyclin D1 mutation, TP53 mutation, HER2 amplification, DNA methylation patterns, microRNAs (miRNAs), and androgen receptors (ARs). These markers play a crucial role in personalized medicine, enabling precise diagnosis and tailored therapies. For instance, HER2 amplification helps determine suitability for targeted treatments like trastuzumab. Similarly, miRNAs regulate gene expression, offering insights into tumor behavior and therapeutic response. Despite advancements, identifying the most effective biomarkers remains a challenge for researchers and clinicians. Optimizing these markers could enhance treatment strategies, reduce costs, and improve patient outcomes. Ongoing investigations into emerging biomarkers may lead to better interventions, ultimately supporting breast cancer management
and care.

Work Load Related Stress Among Nurses in Tertiary Care Hospital Karachi Pakistan

Imtiaz Ali — 2025-02-26

Background:
This study's main goal is to determine how common stress is among nurses, with an emphasis on stressors that are specific to the workplace. Stress has become more common among healthcare workers in recent years, which has a big impact on nurses. This study aims to identify the age groups that are most susceptible to stress by classifying stress. It also looks at how education and marital status affect nurses' stress levels. The findings of this study will provide insight into the particular elements that lead to stress in the nursing profession, such as pressures from the workplace, how patients and their families view nurses, and the dynamics between hospital administration and medical staff when interacting with nursing staff. Prior studies have repeatedly demonstrated the pervasiveness of stress in nursing, with numerous research pointing to age and gender as possible predictors of its occurrence. According to our research, female nurses are more stressed than their male counterparts.
Objective: To assess workload-related stress levels and determine its prevalence among nurses.
Methodology: In this study, a cross-sectional research design was employed at DR. Ruth KM. Pfau Civil Hospital in Karachi. The participants consisted of staff nurses holding valid PNC cards at the hospital. Those who voluntarily declined to participate were excluded. Convenient sampling was utilized to select 150 participants, and data was collected through questionnaires, with questions explained to the nurses as necessary. The questionnaire included queries related to demographic variables and factors contributing to work-related stress. The data was then analyzed, with results presented in terms of percentages, frequencies for qualitative variables, and mean values with standard deviations for quantitative variables. The study aimed to explore the relationship between demographic factors and nurses' attitudes towards workload-related stress through the use of the Chi-square test.
Result: Were showed that 50.0 % of the participants were found in highly stressed due to workload & 69.3 % were found exhausted at the end of duty.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the research emphasizes the significance of stress management in critical care settings, where a significant number of participant’s work. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective interventions and strong support systems to lessen the stress burden and its wide-ranging impact within the healthcare sector, ultimately improving the well-being of healthcare professionals. This study spotlights the alarming frequency of work-related stress in healthcare professionals and its associated consequences. It has specifically identified noticeable shifts in behavior and clear signs of depression among the participants.

Crime Patterns in Pakistan: Analyzing Trends and Crime Rates Using Statistical Distributions

Ramla Shah — 2025-02-11

Crime remains a significant social challenge, impacting communities and governance worldwide. This study analyzes crime trends in Pakistan from 1997 to 2019, focusing on identifying the best-fitting probability distributions for different crime types and provincial crime rates. Using secondary data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, we categorize offenses and apply statistical models to determine their distributional properties. We evaluate four probability distributions—Frechet, Log-Normal, Log-Logistic, and Log-Gamma—and estimate their parameters using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Bayesian Estimation (BE). The Run Test checks the randomness of crime occurrences, while the Mann-Whitney U Test assesses distributional identicalness across provinces. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test determines the best fit for each crime type. Findings suggest that Frechet and Log-Normal distributions best describe crimes such as murder, robbery, and theft, while Log-Gamma and Log-Logistic fit more dispersed crime categories. Punjab and Sindh report the highest crime frequencies, with skewed distributions. These insights enhance crime forecasting, aiding policymakers in data-driven crime prevention strategies. This study contributes to criminology by applying probabilistic models to crime analysis. Future research may integrate socio-economic variables to improve predictive accuracy and develop more effective law enforcement policies.

Vocabulary Retention Through Pictures and Music in Young Second Language Learners: A Case Study of School Children at IMS

Hafiza Suman Khan — 2025-02-11

This qualitative study highlights the role of pictures and music in vocabulary retention in young second-language learners. By applying the monitor theory by Stephen Krashen as a theoretical framework, this study sheds light on the tailored learning methodologies for young learners. These creative tools are the strategic integration that makes learning fun in a second language classroom without the fear and anxiety of a foreign language. When the comprehensible input is received engagingly, the focus shifts toward learning while the stress is pushed into the background. The findings of the study contribute valuable insights into pedagogical implications that are contradictory to traditional classroom instructions. Moreover, it plays a significant role in overcoming the challenges faced by young second language learners in an anxious and stressful environment which bears a substantial potential in foreign language learning paradigms

The Impact of Bias in Machine Learning Models

Muhammad Hamza Ansari — 2025-02-28

Machine learning (ML) has significantly transformed multiple domains by facilitating data-driven decision-making and automation. However, as these algorithms gain traction in various sectors—such as finance, criminal justice, and healthcare—concerns surrounding issues of bias, transparency, and scalability have intensified. This proliferation raises critical ethical, moral, and fairness considerations, alongside questions of accountability. This study provides a comprehensive overview of these pressing challenges and offers a critical appraisal of existing proposed solutions to mitigate them. Specifically, it examines strategies for improving model transparency and interpretability, explores methods for scaling ML systems to accommodate vast datasets and real-time applications, and assesses the potential for biases in training data to lead to skewed outcomes. Furthermore, this research delves into the ethical dilemmas posed by deploying ML models in sensitive fields, presenting viable solutions for these challenges. By aggregating current literature, this work furnishes insightful analyses to promote the ethical and responsible application of machine learning technologies across various sectors.

The Role of Transformational Leadership on Employee Performance in Pakistan

Saad Ahmed Saleem — 2025-02-11

This study aims to investigate the role of transformational leadership in influencing intrinsic motivation and work performance within the corporate sector in Pakistan. The research focuses on understanding how transformational leadership behaviors, including idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration, impact the intrinsic motivation levels of employees in different companies in Pakistan. By surveying employees within the corporate sector, this study seeks to explore the relationship between transformational leadership, intrinsic motivation, and work performance in the specific context of Pakistan. The findings of this research are expected to provide valuable insights for managers and leaders in the FMCG industry in Pakistan, offering recommendations for enhancing employee motivation and performance through effective leadership practices.

Abbottabad: A Paradigm of Educational Excellence and a Flourishing Tourism Hub

Wajid Ali - — 2025-02-09

Abbottabad, a picturesque city nestled in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is rapidly emerging as both a beacon of educational excellence and a flourishing tourism hub. Known for its tranquil landscapes and rich cultural heritage, Abbottabad has become a centre of academic growth, housing several prestigious educational institutions that attract students from across the country. The city's commitment to providing quality education, coupled with its scenic beauty, has positioned it as a model for development that balances academia with leisure. This paper explores the dual role of Abbottabad, highlighting its contributions to Pakistan's educational landscape while examining how its tourism industry thrives by drawing both local and international visitors. Through an analysis of educational advancements, infrastructural development, and tourism growth, this study illustrates how Abbottabad is evolving into a paradigm of sustainable development, where education and tourism intersect to foster economic growth and cultural exchange.

Marxist-Feminist Analysis of Haji’s The Writing on my Forehead (2009)

Mehak Ali — 2025-02-11

The present study aims at the analysis of the novel The Writing on my Forehead (2009) by Nafisa Haji by applying Marxist-Feminist theory. It delineates the idea that women are doubly oppressed on the basis of their gender as well as on the basis of their economic status. This research also propounds that it is possible to come out or emancipate from this oppressed and suppressed plight by removing the causes of their subjugation. One of the prime causes of women’s subjugation is the lack of opportunities to earn. Furthermore, they are also not allowed to own any means of production. Men in the role of husbands subjugate their wives and torture them emotionally as well as physically. They themselves indulge in extra-marital and sexual relationships but expect their wives to be faithful and loyal to them. The source text is analyzed to find out how the chosen novel conforms to Marxist-Feminist theory and it was found that oppression of women in their own families is largely the result of the patriarchal set up of the family. The result seems to conclude that along with patriarchy, economic conditions are a significant determining element in shaping the social roles of human beings particularly women. Women undergo miseries both at the hands of patriarchy and capitalism. If women are empowered economically they would get acceptance as fruitful members of society. The researcher has employed close reading technique to prove her point. The qualitative method of research has been used as this method provides every minute detail and in depth analysis of the text under consideration by applying close text reading technique. Instances from the original text i.e. The Writing on my Forehead are taken and analyzed qualitatively.

Enhancing Evaluation Expertise: A Study on Training Needs in Punjab’s Agricultural and Extension Sectors

Aijaz Ali Khooharo — 2025-02-10

The purpose of this study was to determine the skills necessary for agricultural and extension assessment specialists in two areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Using a descriptive and correlational study approach, data was obtained from 120 out of 500 managers and professional staff involved in agricultural and extension assessment programs via a valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire. The study found that professionals preferred in-service training programs to improve their abilities, notably situational analysis, reflective practice, project management, professional practice, and systematic inquiry. These training sessions are critical in promoting their ongoing professional growth. However, when it comes to interpersonal abilities, respondents preferred pre-service training courses and curriculum-based learning.

Unlocking Confidence: The Psychological Empowerment of Women through Education

Umar Daraz — 2025-02-12

This research delves into the transformative influence of education on women's psychological empowerment in District Swat, Pakistan. A phenomenological study design was adopted to explore the lived experiences of 30 educated women from different walks of life. The impact of education from different perspectives has been observed through the thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and group discussions. Accordingly, it is revealed that education has positively affected confidence level, critical thinking, self-efficacy, financial independence, social engagements, resilience as a quality of mind, emotional well-being empowering one in relationships, and the dismantling of gender stereotypes. With critical thinking being observed, women can ask questions to genuinely be part of society’s progress. Education affects self-efficacy, which leads to decision-making for personal and societal development. Breakdown of constraints, financial independence, and holistic empowerment are what education provides. Education leads to engagement in social and community activities and provides personal fulfillment and resilience in life. In District Swat, education creates a platform that breaks gender stereotypes and gives women enough confidence to take up active roles, changing society using advocacy and leadership. The study explains that women’s education should be given a higher priority in policy, and critical life operational skills and sources of economic empowerment should be inculcated. Based on thesis recommendations, education that will eventually result in a more resilient, equitable, and inclusive society is strengthened through supportive environments and mentorship programs in District Swat, Pakistan.

Transforming ESL Teaching: Exploring the Potential of AI-Powered Tools in Supporting Teachers in the Classroom

Mutahira Bukhari — 2025-02-17

This qualitative study explores the experiences and perceptions of English as a Second Language (ESL) instructors in higher education institutions in Pakistan regarding the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered tools in language instruction. Aiming to address the research gap in the literature on AI integration in ESL instruction in Pakistan, this study examines the current integration of AI, identifies potential applications to enhance instructor performance and student learning outcomes, and explores the challenges and limitations associated with AI integration. Through semi-structured interviews with 15 ESL instructors, analyzed using thematic analysis, the study reveals that ESL instructors are increasingly interested in leveraging AI-powered tools to support language instruction, but face significant challenges in integrating them into their teaching practices. The findings highlight key benefits of AI integration, including enhanced student engagement, improved feedback, and increased efficiency in grading and assessment, as well as significant challenges, such as limited access to AI-powered tools, inadequate training and support, and concerns about the reliability and validity of AI-generated feedback

Social Communication Skills of Children with Down syndrome and Typically Developing Children: A comparative Study

Dr. Nayab Iftikhar — 2025-02-18

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to assess differences in the pragmatic language skills of children with Down syndrome and typically developing children.
Method: 60 Children with mental age 5.0-6.0 were recruited for both groups (Down syndrome=30, typically developing children=30). Non probability purposive sampling was employed and data was collected from special education schools. Demographic sheet and Orion’s Pragmatic Language Skills Questionnaire (OPLS) consisting of nonverbal communication, expressive skills, conversational skills, speech conventions and peer skills was used for pre and post assessment.
Results: Data was analyzed statistically. The results shows statistically significant difference between pragmatic language skills of children with down syndrome and typically developing children (NVC= t(58)=2.14, p>0.03, ES= t(58)=-5.47, p>0.001, CSTM= t(58)=-8.32, p>0.001, CSTT= t(58)=-6.32, p>0.001, SC= t(58)=-4.21, p>0.001, PS= t(58)=-5.43, p>0.001, O= t(58)= -7.16, p>0.001).
Conclusion: It was concluded that nonverbal communication skills were stronger in Children with Down syndrome then typically developing children

Examining the Impact of Performance Appraisal Quality on Employee Innovation: The Role of Psychological Empowerment and HRM System Strength in Pakistan's Banking Sector

Ziaullah khan — 2025-02-21

The present research examines the relationship between the quality of performance appraisal and innovation output of the employees in the Pakistani banking industry with psychological empowerment and strength of the HRM system as moderators. A quantitative approach was employed in the study, and data were gathered from a diverse group of banking employees from different bank organizations. The results demonstrate that utilizing high quality performance appraisals increases psychological empowerment which in turn leads to a boost in employee innovation. Moreover, integrated and effective HRM system enhances this relationship, ensuring that clients gain required support & tools at workplace for innovating. The findings emphasize on the need for better performance measures management and robust human resource management in as a way of encouraging innovation. This research work adds to the existing body of knowledge in organization performance appraisals so that it fosters the creativity and flexibility of the employees as they operate in the dynamic environment of any firm, not just the financial one. Implications for practice are reviewed and outlined for Human Resources managers and policymakers concerning performance appraisal; the strategic goals are aligned with the suggestions to make PA an empowering strategy in support of HRM initiatives.

Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction and Performance, The Mediating Role of Innovation and Motivation: Evidence Form Workplaces in Pakistan

Madiha Sultan — 2025-02-21

The essential point of this study is to examine the connections among hierarchical culture, advancement, inspiration, work fulfillment, and execution. A hypothetical structure is proposed to represent how hierarchical culture can either empower or limit development straightforwardly or through inspiration. Also, these elements are placed to intercede work fulfillment. The review presents a bidirectional relationship recommending that work fulfillment can likewise impact development, adjusting the models proposed by Naranjo Valencia et al. (2016) and Cameron and Quinn (1999). The Contending Values Structure by Cameron and Quinn classifies hierarchical culture into four sorts: group, adhocracy, pecking order, and market culture. Experimental approval was directed through information gathered from 200 respondents of different socioeconomics and areas in Pakistan, using Likert scale polls and examined by means of PLS CFA and SEM methods. The discoveries demonstrate that hierarchical culture can either work with development, consequently upgrading position fulfillment and execution, or go about as an obstruction, contingent upon the social standards and values advanced. In particular, the review distinguishes adhocracy culture as helpful for advancement, work fulfillment, and execution, while various leveled culture will in general hinder them. These outcomes highlight the critical effect of hierarchical culture type on development, interceded firmly by inspiration, and feature the complementary connection among advancement and occupation fulfillment. Additionally, work fulfillment seems to advance development also. These bits of knowledge are important for Pakistani associations trying to use advancement for upper hand and upgrade authoritative viability. By encouraging a culture that embraces development, associations might possibly help work fulfillment and by and large representative execution. Eventually, this study upholds the thought that hierarchical culture assumes a critical part in improving worker work execution

Ensembled AttenNet: A Novel Deep Learning Approach for Mango Leaf Disease Detection

Farhana Batool — 2025-02-21

Agriculture is severely threatened by plant diseases, which can result in poor quality and quantity of food. Because of the rapid spread of plant diseases and the vast areas affected, it is difficult to control them effectively. Several leaf diseases affect the mango industry particularly severely, reducing fruit yields and quality. In order to prevent and treat these diseases effectively, it is crucial to identify them quickly and correctly. In this study, attention methods and multi-scale feature fusion will be used to improve automatic detection of mango leaf diseases. To extract the features, we use a pretrained VGG16 model. A number of common diseases were evaluated, including anthracnose, bacterial canker, weevils, dieback, gall flies, powdery mildew, sooty mold, and healthy leaves. Data used for classification comes from Kaggle's MangoleafBD dataset. In order to train and test the model, 4000 images were used. In addition to cross-validation methods, precision, recall, and F1 metrics are used to measure model resilience. An accuracy of up to 99% was achieved with the model. This model provides better results than state-of-the-art models.

The Impact of Social Media, Influencer Marketing, and Advertising on Consumer Behavior: The Role of Income

Shahroz Iqbal — 2025-02-23

Social media has changed the way businesses connect with consumers, influencing how people shop through ads, influencer marketing, and online engagement. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube allow brands to promote their products directly to target audiences. This paper explores how social media usage, advertising, and influencer marketing affect consumer buying behavior, with a focus on how income levels play a role in these interactions.
Consumer behavior is influenced by many factors, including emotions, social trends, and financial status. Social media marketing has become one of the most effective ways to reach consumers, as influencers and targeted ads shape purchasing decisions. Influencer marketing, in particular, has gained popularity because people trust recommendations from influencers more than traditional advertisements. Additionally, social media ads use advanced data targeting to reach the right audience based on their interests and behaviors. However, income level affects how consumers respond to these marketing strategies. People with higher incomes are more likely to buy luxury products and brand-name items, while those with lower incomes focus more on affordability, discounts, and promotions. This study examines how income influences consumer reactions to social media marketing, suggesting that while social media increases engagement and purchase intent, the level of impact depends on a person’s financial situation. By reviewing existing research, this paper highlights how businesses can adjust their digital marketing strategies to appeal to different income groups. The findings suggest that companies should tailor their campaigns based on consumers’ spending power to maximize marketing effectiveness. Future research should explore additional factors like cultural differences and psychological influences on consumer behavior. Understanding these trends will help businesses create more effective marketing strategies and build stronger relationships with their audiences in the digital world.

Production and Evaluation of Functional Probiotic Ice Cream

Qadeer Ur Rehman Aftab — 2025-02-25

In the present study an approach was made to produce functional probiotic ice cream by using the four probiotic organisms namely type-1 (Sterptococcus thermophilus), type-2 (Lactobacillus bulgaricus), type-3 (Bifidobacteria), type-4 (Saccharomyces), type-5 (Mixture of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacteria and Saccharomyces and type-6 (Plain ice cream; without probiotic organisms) using conventional ice cream-making method. All types were assessed for proximate and rheological analysis. Total solids and carbohydrate contents were found slightly high (P<0.05) in type-III and low in type-IV; whereas in other types non-significant variation was noted. Fat content (%) was observed high in type-VI followed by IV, II, III, V and Type-I respectively. Remarkably high protein content (%) marked for the type I followed by type-II, III, IV, V and VI, respectively. Similarly, high ash content (%) was noted in Type-I and V while low in the type-II probiotic ice cream. Acidity (%) and pH value vaired among all the probiotic isecComparatively more expansion in volume (overrun %) appeared in the type III and little in type- II and VI ice cream. Type-V and I ice cream melted quickly while slowly in the type VI ice cream. On the basis of composition, rheological features, physical attributes Sacchromyces and Bifidobacterial probiotic containing types of ice cream were found better.

Transforming University-Level ESL Teaching in Pakistan: Integrating AI-Powered Tools into Existing Second Language Instructional Systems

Dr. Mudasar Jahan — 2025-02-25

This qualitative study explores the impact of AI-powered tools on ESL teaching practices in Pakistani universities. Using the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) framework, this research investigates how ESL teachers integrate AI-powered tools into their teaching practices and the resulting effects on student learning outcomes. A multi-method approach combining semi-structured interviews and surveys was employed to gather data from 50-75 ESL teachers with experience using AI-powered tools. The findings reveal common themes and patterns in ESL teachers' experiences with AI-powered tools, including benefits such as personalized instruction, automated feedback, and increased student engagement. Challenges, including technical issues, limited contextual understanding, and over-reliance on technology, are also discussed. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on AI-powered tools in language learning, providing recommendations for educators, policymakers, and future research.

Analysis of Challenges in the Implementation of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Control of Narcotics Substances Act 2019

Shahzadi Noor — 2025-02-27

The worldwide drug control system has acknowledged the requirement for state collaboration since its inception. It introduced the need for prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and social reinsertion, as well as general obligations to combat drug usage in a coordinated manner. The State of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a signatory to many international, bilateral treaties and conventions on Narcotics, Drugs, and Psychotropic Substances. All these treaties and conventions bind the State of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan to take measures to realize the objectives envisaged by these international documents. The study's primary objectives were to assess the challenges in implementing the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Control of Narcotics Substances Act, 2019, and to provide potential solutions. Data was collected using the interview technique while considering the study's objectives. Interviews were done with deliberately selected legal specialists. The study found various barriers to implementing the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Control of Narcotics Substances Act, 2019, including a lack of subject matter expertise, antiquated equipment, and the government’s interest in this field. It also found that a major impediment to this process is the lack of a connection between the general masses and police officials. The study suggests broad public education efforts about implementing the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Control of Narcotics Substances Act, 2019 using all available media.

The Role of Online Gaming in Promoting Extremism and Violence: A Study of Media War Tactics

Nusrat Azeema — 2025-02-28

Violence and strife are realistically shown in online games. This study delves at the ways radicals impact gamers through various forms of media. One possible source of fuel for media warfare is the normalization of violence in video games through their narratives and interactions. Addiction to online gaming is on the rise in Pakistan, especially among adults who use it as a way to escape from every day stressors. To further understand the phenomenon and how it affects family functioning and self-control, this study will take a quantitative approach, conduct a survey with adults who are currently battling an addiction to internet gaming. The results of the study will shed light on the origin, effects, and potential remedies of adult’s addiction to online gaming in Pakistan. It is intended that the findings of this study would aid in the creation of efficient therapies to address the problem and enhance family functioning and the capacity for self-control in addicts. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to gather information from 400 adult’s gamers, ages 18 to 40, using a cross-sectional survey design. The findings show that the addiction to online games was strongly correlated with dysfunctional families and poor self-control. Participants who had a poor family function and had a trouble controlling their impulses were more likely to develop an addiction to online games

Assessing the Impact of Induction Training Programs on Job Satisfaction and Teaching Effectiveness among Newly Appointed JESTs & PSTs in District Khairpur, Sindh.

Naeem Fatima Lashari — 2025-03-01

This research aims at analyzing the impact of induction training program (ITP) on newly appointed teachers JESTs/PSTs in the domain of district Khairpur. As induction training is a process of equipping the basic skills, new strategies, instructional methods and pedagogies which are very closely relates to teaching learning process and also familiarize them to their profession as “Teaching is profession of prophets”. This research study analyze the impacts of ITP on the new teachers' effectiveness on their job satisfaction and also improve their skills i.e. pedagogical or technological and improving their teaching practices by focusing on objectives like (1.) To investigate the impact of induction training programs on job satisfaction among newly appointed JESTs & PSTs in District Khairpur, Sindh. (2.) To assess the impact of induction training programs on teaching effectiveness among newly appointed JESTs & PSTs in District Khairpur, Sindh. (3.) To identify the strengths and weaknesses of the induction training programs for JESTs & PSTs in District Khairpur, Sindh. Mixed method (Quantitative and Qualitative method) were used in this study where survey questionnaire and conducting interviews were used as a tool for collecting data. A structured questionnaire was rolled out to 50 teachers at the selected talukas of district Khairpur and semi structured interviews were conducted with the teachers(CPs) and master trainers(MTs). The population of the research study Was the newly appointed teachers of district Khairpur who attended ITP ,50 teachers were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method to figure out sample size. A 5–point likert scale questionnaire was put into practice for the data collection. The entire data was analyzed through SPSS version 23. The statistical reliability score of Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.810, verifying the reliability results. The study search out some challenges faced by the trainee teachers and the trainers of ITP .Majority of the teachers were facing same issues and challenges like insufficient training materials, short time period given for the session for the specific tasks and for extensive amount of information and activities and a big challenge observed overall the training session was the use of ICT due to lack of resources .Meanwhile ,many of those approximately 50% trainee teachers were agreed from the overall quality of induction training and 56% trainee teachers were agreed that the topics which were covered in the training were relevant to their teaching needs. However, on ground situation of the schools and system of our schools is the basic hindrance for the newly appointed teachers for implementation of all these new strategies and time based need integration of ICT in teaching learning process but by the trial step of this group is a turning point for the change of system in schools by new trained teachers of district Khairpur. These results show that in spite of some challenges and some gaps the overall induction training program impacted positive on the newly appointed teachers’ effectiveness, job satisfaction, their teaching practices and so on