Green-Synthesized Metallic Nanoparticles for Targeted Antimicrobial Applications in Agriculture

Abstract

The escalating global food demand, projected to reach 10 billion people by mid-century, is currently threatened by the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the environmental degradation caused by traditional synthetic agrochemicals. Green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as a transformative solution, utilizing biological agents such as plant extracts, fungi, and bacteria to produce sustainable, cost-effective, and biocompatible alternatives for crop protection. Unlike conventional physical or chemical synthesis, green nanotechnology adheres to the principles of green chemistry by employing biogenic capping agents that enhance nanoparticle stability and facilitate targeted interaction with pathogens. These nanoparticles exert antimicrobial action through multi-targeted mechanisms, including cell membrane disruption, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and genomic interference, which significantly reduce the likelihood of developing resistance. Furthermore, advancements in stimuli-responsive delivery systems triggered by pH, temperature, enzymes, or light allow for precision application that maximizes efficacy while minimizing phytotoxicity and off-target effects. While green MNPs demonstrate significant benefits in seed nano-priming, foliar protection, and post-harvest preservation, their integration into large-scale agriculture faces hurdles regarding standardization and evolving global regulatory frameworks, such as the 2025 EFSA updates. This review underscores the potential of green MNPs as a cornerstone of sustainable precision agriculture, provided that their environmental fate and trophic transfer are rigorously monitored