The Impact of Cigarette Smoking On Cardiovascular Risk (Cvr) Among Middle-Aged Adults

Authors

  • Syeda Mufleha Imran BS Scholar, Applied Psychology National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi imufleha@gamil.com
  • Dr. Anila Sadaf Assistant Professor, HOD Applied Psychology National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi anilasadaf@numl.edu.pk

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63163/jpehss.v3i2.405

Keywords:

Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular risk, Framingham Risk Score, smoking cessation, middle-aged adults.

Abstract

The current study is focused on identifying the relation between cigarette smoking and cardiovascular risk among middle aged adults (30 to 60 years). A cross-sectional survey was utilized to collect data from 200 patients with cardiac issues seeking treatment at various cardiac preventive unit of twin cities (Rawalpindi & Islamabad) of Pakistan. Cigarette dependence was evaluated with the Cigarette Dependence Scale-12 (Jean-François Etter, Thanh Vu Duc & Thomas V. Perneger, 2003) and the Framingham Risk Score (Peter et al., 1998) assessed the risk of cardiovascular diseases of the study participants. The results revealed that a significant correlation exist between smoking cigarette and cardiovascular risk (r = 0.866, p < 0.001). The level of dependence on cigarettes strongly predicted a person's cardiovascular risk score (β = 0.059, p < 0.01). Cigarette smoking was found to play a significant part in heightening cardiovascular risk for middle-aged adults. To lower burden of CVD in this group, tobacco cessation programs are needed. Public health plans should link smoking cessation with standard cardiac checkups.

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Published

2025-05-23

How to Cite

Syeda Mufleha Imran, & Dr. Anila Sadaf. (2025). The Impact of Cigarette Smoking On Cardiovascular Risk (Cvr) Among Middle-Aged Adults. Physical Education, Health and Social Sciences, 3(2), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.63163/jpehss.v3i2.405