Assessing the Impact of Glycolic Acid on Hyper Pigmentation in Sun-Induced Skin in Lahore Patients

Abstract

Background: Sun-induced hyperpigmentation is a common dermatological condition that can negatively affect quality of life. Glycolic acid is frequently used for treatment; however, its effectiveness and safety vary among individuals. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of glycolic acid in reducing the severity of sun induced hyperpigmentation. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 83 participants aged 24–40 years. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI). Descriptive statistics summarized demographic characteristics, pigmentation patterns, glycolic acid usage, and treatment outcomes. Associations between pigmentation severity and treatment effects were analyzed using chi-square tests. Results: The majority of participants had skin type III (25.3%) or IV (22.9%), with pigmentation duration most commonly reported as 6–12 months (47.0%). Forehead, cheek, and chin involvement was frequently within the 30–49% range. Glycolic acid was used by 63.9% of participants, primarily on a weekly or occasional basis. Among users, 42.2% reported moderate improvement, while 24.1% reported no improvement. Mild side effects were experienced by 36.1%, whereas 13.3% reported moderate and severe side effects each. A significant association was observed between forehead pigmentation darkness and chin color difference (p < .001). The association between glycolic acid use and side effects was marginally significant (p = .051).
Conclusion: Glycolic acid showed moderate effectiveness in treating sun-induced hyperpigmentation, though side effects were relatively common. These findings highlight the need for individualized treatment planning and patient counseling in dermatological practice.