Emerging Role And Mechanism of Markers in Breast Cancer

Authors

Tooba Kashaf Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan, Email Author
Risha Raman Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan, Email Author
Zubair Sharif Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan, Email Author

Breast Cancer, BRCA1/BRCA2, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), miRNAs, Precision Medicine, Liquid Biopsies

Breast cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide, primarily affecting women but also

occurring in men. While its exact cause remains unknown, several risk factors have been identified,

including age, family history, genetic mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2), hormonal influences, lifestyle, and

environmental exposures. Recent research has highlighted various genetic, epigenetic, and proteasomal

markers that improve diagnosis and treatment. Key biomarkers include BRCA1/BRCA2, Ki67, p53,

Cyclin D1 mutation, TP53 mutation, HER2 amplification, DNA methylation patterns, microRNAs

(miRNAs), and androgen receptors (ARs). These markers play a crucial role in personalized medicine,

enabling precise diagnosis and tailored therapies. For instance, HER2 amplification helps determine

suitability for targeted treatments like trastuzumab. Similarly, miRNAs regulate gene expression, offering

insights into tumor behavior and therapeutic response. Despite advancements, identifying the most

effective biomarkers remains a challenge for researchers and clinicians. Optimizing these markers could

enhance treatment strategies, reduce costs, and improve patient outcomes. Ongoing investigations into

emerging biomarkers may lead to better interventions, ultimately supporting breast cancer management

and care