Physical Education, Health and Social Sciences

Wide-band Asymmetric Transmission for Linearly Polarized Wave Using Bi-layered Chiral Metamaterial

Engr Muhammad Asif Ramzan — 2025-04-14

In this paper, a metal-dielectric-metal configuration is employed. The unit cell of the proposed chiral metamaterial design consists of a simple 'EI' shape resonator printed on two opposite sides of dielectric substrate. The metal pattern on the front and back layers is identical, with the exception that the back-layer pattern twisted at a 90o angle to break mirror symmetry in the propagation direction. The optimized dimensions (in mm) of the unit cell are: w=1.5, w1=1.5, d=1, b=6, m=3, h=1.6 and a=8. The dielectric substrate is Roger 5080, which has a dielectric constant εr = 2.33, and tangent loss tan δ = 0.0005. The copper sheet is used as a metallic pattern having a thickness of 35um, and an electrical conductivity of 5.8 x 107 S/m. Commercially available software called CST Microwave Studio is used to carry out the numerical simulations of the suggested design. Unit-cell boundary conditions were applied in the y- and x-directions, while open boundary conditions were used in the z-direction. The numerical simulation is carried out in the frequency range of 11 GHz to 23 GHz. Through numerical simulation, complex transmission coefficients are produced, from which the asymmetric transmission, total transmission and polarization conversion ratio are calculated. The simulation results of complex transmission coefficients for linearly polarized waves in the forward (+z) and backward (-z) direction of propagation shows wide, strong peaks.

Exploring Requirement Risk Analysis Through a Qualitative Lens: Application of the Lean Canvas Model

Noreen Khalid — 2025-04-05

Many software development organizations face risk of software failure due to maximizing cost and time. In this situation, several techniques were utilized to identify and control the risk factors, improving the product quality. For this purpose, the selection of best approach to cope this challenge is a great achievement of the developers. Therefore, lean canvas model was introduced in this study on the basis of time saving and low cost features. Furthermore, this technique takes minimum steps to understand the problem by providing better solution. The focus of this qualitative study is to estimate the percentage working of this tool rather than the percentage model value. In this research, we analyze the requirement risk analysis by using lean canvas model. This model will enable the developers to eliminate the risk for gaining the maximum profit in the business to take favorable results in future. In the light of this research, the products shall be available on short notice within short time span.

Credit Card Fraudulent Transactions Detection Using Machine Learning

Ali Ahmed — 2025-04-08

With the rapid growth of the e-commerce industry, the use of credit cards for online purchases has increased significantly. Unfortunately, credit card fraud has also become increasingly prevalent in recent years, creating complications for banks trying to detect fraudulent activity within the credit card system. To overcome this hardship Machine learning plays an eminent role in detecting the credit card fraud in the transactions. Modeling prior credit card transactions with data from ones that turned out to be fraudulent is part of the Card Fraud Detection Problem. In Machine learning the machine is trained at first to predict the output so, to predict the various bank transactions various machine learning algorithms are used. The SMOTE approach was employed to oversample the dataset because it was severely unbalanced. This paper the examines and overview the performance of K-nearest neighbors, Decision Tree, Logistic regression and Random forest, XGBoost for credit card fraud detection. The assignment is implemented in Python and uses five distinct machine learning classification techniques. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by accuracy score, confusion matrix, f1-score, precision and recall score and auc-roc curve as well.

A Review of Data Analytics Applications in Healthcare: Current Trends and Future Directions

Asad Ullah — 2025-04-14

The review investigates healthcare applications of data analytics that demonstrate potential to create substantial changes toward improved healthcare delivery with better patient outcomes. The healthcare industry implements data analytics as its essential tool to address current rising problems including cost growth beside resource constraints and uneven medical service availability. Healthcare organizations use advanced analytical approaches to obtain practical insights from extensive datasets which enables better evidence-based decisions and better resource utilization decisions. This review examines multiple data analytics applications ranging from Electronic Health Records (EHR) examination to Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) functionality as well as predictive patient diagnosis systems and personal medicine delivery systems and patient engagement solutions. The applications showcase the extensive advantages of data-led solutions because they advance treatment precision and boost medical outcomes while delivering individualized healthcare approaches to patients. The review gives coverage to the practical obstacles healthcare faces when merging data analytics with healthcare yet it arrives at substantial advancements made through data analysis in medicine. Healthcare analytics demonstrates a promising future because artificial intelligence alongside wearable technology and blockchain systems will drive additional healthcare service improvements. This study establishes fundamental knowledge for future analytical studies of healthcare data analytics while it supports evidence-based medical approaches to create global improvements in patient care through policy recommendations.

Using NLP and AI to Enhance Software Documentation and Code Comprehension

Abdulmalik Ibrahim — 2025-04-25

Software documentation plays a critical role in code comprehension, maintenance, and collaboration, yet it is often incomplete, outdated, or inconsistently written. This study explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to automatically generate accurate and context-aware documentation for software code. Leveraging transformer-based models such as CodeT5, GraphCodeBERT, and GPT-3, we developed and evaluated a system capable of producing meaningful summaries of code functions and classes. A comparative analysis between human-written and AI-generated documentation was conducted using both quantitative metrics (BLEU, ROUGE, F1) and qualitative feedback from professional developers. The results indicate that AI-generated documentation significantly improves code readability and developer efficiency, reducing comprehension time and enhancing accuracy in understanding complex code. Additionally, real-time integration of the tool within development environments proved beneficial for continuous documentation support. While AI still faces challenges in handling domain-specific code and interpreting poorly written segments, the overall impact on documentation quality is substantial. This research underscores the potential of NLP-driven tools to automate and standardize documentation practices, offering a scalable solution to one of software engineering’s longstanding challenges. Future work aims to integrate context-awareness, multilingual support, and interactive querying features to further enhance developer experience.

A Pragmatic Investigation of Major Pakistani Political Parties Discourse of Social Media: A Study of Internet Meme

Nasar Khan — 2025-04-02

This study investigates the pragmatic features of internet memes used in representation of different Pakistani major political parties on social media. Language is traversed with opportunities to negotiate meaning. The study delves into pragmatic strategies in meme captions, including implicature, speech acts, presupposition, and politeness strategies. We selected four political internet memes (2020–2022) from social media platforms including Facebook and Twitter. The analysis illustrates the ways in which pragmatic devices employed in memes, including the use of indirect speech acts, satire, irony, and presupposition, influence political discourse. The study concludes that meme captions are functionalized mainly by brevity, implicit meaning, humor and humor-based pragmatics, and by puns and sarcasm, in order to criticize political figures and events. The results indicate memes act as an effective tool of ideological positioning and persuasion to the public. Future studies could have multimodal dimensions, which will also include visual influences (color, font, and imagery), contributing to a broader understanding of political discourse in the context of Pakistani internet memes.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Letrozole and Letrozole-Dexamethasone Combination in Inducing Ovulation in Women with PCOS-Related Subfertility: An Experimental Study

Dr. Mahnoor Karim* — 2025-03-14

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a major cause of subfertility in women, frequently requiring ovulation induction treatments. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Letrozole alone versus Letrozole plus Dexamethasone in improving ovulation outcomes in women with PCOS-related subfertility. A randomized controlled trial involved 100 participants split into two groups: Group A received Letrozole alone, and Group B received Letrozole with Dexamethasone. Ultrasound was used to assess follicular diameter and endometrial thickness. Results indicated a significantly greater mean follicular diameter (20.70 ± 4.478 vs. 17.54 ± 3.364, p < .000) and endometrial thickness (6.84 ± 0.997 vs. 5.92 ± 0.922, p < .000) in Group B versus Group A. Dexamethasone appears to enhance ovulation induction by promoting follicular growth and improving endometrial receptivity. The study adds to the evidence supporting the Letrozole-Dexamethasone combination for treating PCOS.

Assessment of Sleep Disorders Among Rotating Shift and Day-Shift Nurses in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Swat.

Rizwan Ullah — 2025-04-02

Background
Due to disruptions in circadian rhythms, sleep disorders are prevalent among nurses, particularly those working rotating shifts. These disorders affect their physical, mental, and emotional health, influencing job performance and the quality of patient care. Understanding the sleep patterns of rotating shift and day-working nurses is vital to developing targeted interventions.
Aim: This study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence and severity of sleep disorders among nurses working rotating and day shifts in a tertiary care hospital in Swat.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed with 160 nurses selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographic details and sleep-related complaints. Statistical analysis, including chi-square tests, was conducted using SPSS version 26.
Results: The findings revealed that 71.9% of nurses reported sleeping six or more hours without night shifts, while 28.1% slept less. Sleep quality was rated as reasonably good by 53.1%, but 12.5% experienced poor sleep. Rotating shift nurses reported significantly higher sleep disturbances, with difficulty falling asleep and waking during the night being prominent. A significant association (p = 0.01) was found between rotating shifts and secondary employment, exacerbating sleep problems.
Conclusion: Rotating shift nurses are more prone to sleep disorders than their day-working counterparts. The findings emphasize the need for healthcare institutions to implement flexible scheduling, sleep hygiene education, and mental health support to mitigate sleep-related issues and improve nurse well-being and patient care outcomes.

The Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management Practices on Competitive Advantage Sustainability: The Mediation of Human Capital Development and Employee Commitment

Muhammad Hamza Ali * — 2025-04-03

It is indeed evident that there is an array of heightened competition among the financial institutions, which calls for strategic emulation of the Human Resource Management (HRM) to establish competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to determine the mediating effect of human capital development and the commitment level in the relationship between strategic human resource management practices and sustainable competitive advantage in the banking industry. Although much has been written about the concept of strategic human resource management in various businesses, the scholarship on its implementation in the context of financial organizations is still limited. This innovation fills this gap by examining antecedent and mediator influences of strategic HRM on sustainable competitive advantage in banks. In this study, proposition of Strategic HRM practices, human capital development, employee commitment and sustainable competitive advantage are expressed and tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The research outcomes show that implementation of the opted SHRM practices is significantly related to sustainable competitive advantage since it promotes the human capital and increases the employee commitment levels. Whereby practical pressures and compliance requirements require the banks to have an efficient and comprehensive training, measures for better performance and organizational engagement must also be put in place for the bank to remain competitive.This innovation is important in the financial literature as it supplies details on the strategic function of HRM in finances. The information provided may be of great use to the bank administrators and policymakers to ensure that the HRM is adapted to match the organizational goals to support sustainability and enhance the competitiveness of the business in the long run. Finally, the data point to the need for concurrent professional growth and commitment of the employees as critical success factors in the strategic Human Resource Management in banks.

Impact of Employee Cynicism on Employee Performance: The Moderating Role of Supervisor Support

Muhammad Danish Niaz — 2025-04-05

Employee cynicism is a growing concern in workplace dynamics, particularly in healthcare organizations where teamwork is essential. This study examines the negative impact of employee cynicism on employee performance in public sector hospitals. Additionally, it explores the moderating role of supervisor support in mitigating these adverse effects. A quantitative approach was employed, using a structured questionnaire distributed among 250 nurses working in public sector hospitals in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, applying regression and moderation analysis. Findings indicate that employee cynicism significantly reduces employee performance. However, supervisor support acts as a buffer, weakening this negative relationship. The study provides insights for healthcare administrators, emphasizing the need to foster supportive leadership to counteract workplace cynicism and enhance employee productivity.

Assessing UNODC’s Strategies for Combating Drug Trafficking in Pakistan: A Critical Evaluation

Saima Asghar — 2025-04-06

The research analyzes the drug trafficking control strategies deployed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime throughout Pakistan. Pakistan faces critical threats to national security combined with public health and economic issues stemming from its position in the worldwide drug trafficking hubs. Pakistani authorities together with the UNODC and international organizations work to combat this issue by launching multiple programs. This research analyzes drug trafficking strategies by investigating their operational practices and both the encountered difficulties and achieved results. This research utilizes quantitative investigation approaches to evaluate UNODC’s anti-drug trafficking efforts in Pakistan by interviewing stakeholders and examining UNODC reports with statistical drug seizure and arrest data to conduct a thorough assessment. The research identifies both potential strengths and vulnerabilities which exist in modern interventions and proposes methods to boost future intervention performance. The progress made requires more strategic collaborative work because the region needs better methods to fight its complex drug trafficking challenge. The paper examines drug trafficking in Pakistan while discussing UNODC activities together with anti-drug strategies, the narcotics trade, international cooperation, security challenges, public health aspects, drug control policies, regional security and law enforcement approaches.

Child Rights in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis of International Obligations and Domestic Implementation

Saeeda Mirbaz — 2025-04-09

This study provides a critical analysis of the status of child rights in Pakistan, focusing on the country’s obligations under international conventions—particularly the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)—and the degree to which these obligations have been implemented within the domestic legal system. This research analyses the statistics indicating the situation of child rights and measures adopted to protect child rights with special reference to international obligations of Pakistan. The research also discusses the jurisprudence developed by Pakistani Courts regarding relevant domestic and international laws and concludes with suitable recommendations for robust legal policy to protect child rights in consonance with international obligations of Pakistan. The study reveals that although numerous legislative reforms have been introduced over the years, a consistent gap persists between legal promises and their enforcement. The research explores how Pakistani courts began to innovate a domestic jurisprudence that internalises international child rights standards. By systematically examining landmark judicial decisions, this study demonstrates that the judiciary has emerged as an instrumental actor in bridging normative international commitments with practical domestic enforcement, often compensating for legislative and administrative shortcomings. This judicial jurisprudence represents an emergent trend in Pakistan that redefines the role of courts in safeguarding vulnerable populations. The paper concludes by offering a set of context-specific legal and policy recommendations aimed at strengthening child rights protections in line with international best practices and advancing the harmonisation of Pakistan’s legal regime with its global commitments.

Effectiveness of Morning versus Evening High-Intensity Interval Training on Selected Performance Parameters of Badminton Players: An Experimental Study

Umar Farooq — 2025-04-21

The current study was conducted to examine the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) to be applied at morning and evening on some selected parameters of colleges’ badminton players. A total of 45 male college’s badminton players between the age of 18-24 years was participated in the study. Participants was divided into two groups, Experimental Group (EG) n=30 and Control Group (CG) n=15 based on the aerobic fitness assessment results. The EG was further divided into Morning Group A and Evening Group b. EG was given prescribed training, while CG was remaining as usual. Data was collected two times; T1 pre-test and T2 post-test after eight weeks. T-test and repeated measure ANOVA was applied to measure the statistically significant differences between pre- and post-test results.

Effects of Low Repetition Resistance Training Protocol and High Repetition Resistance Training Protocol On the Muscular Fitness of Preadolescents

Ahmad Amin Bodla — 2025-04-23

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two different resistance training protocols, low-repetition (6–8) and high-repetition (13–15), on muscular fitness in preadolescents. The results indicated that both protocols were effective in improving the strength and endurance of the subjects, but the low repetition protocol resulted in greater improvements in the maximal strength (1 RM squat and overhead press) and the high repetition protocol led to the improvement of the muscular endurance (knee push up), explosive power (standing long jump and medicine ball throw). There was a gender effect, as males displayed greater increases in strength, and females showed characteristic relative increases in endurance. Overall, both training protocols in the study effectively improved preadolescent muscular fitness, emphasizing the significance of implementing proper training protocols according to the fitness goals. Lastly, this study offers new perspectives on how resistance training could be adjusted to best prevent injuries and improve growth during childhood and adolescence.

Sustainable Strategies to Improve the Quality and Quantity of Sugar Cane Pre and Post –Harvest by Optimizing Management in Pakistan

Abdul Mannan* — 2025-04-25

The purpose of this research was to carried-out the various techniques from sowing to harvesting of sugarcane in order to maintain and enhance the recovery of sugarcane. Sugarcane needs more time to apply a large amount of biomass accumulates, various amendments of cultural practices and high management from cultivation to cutting time. Number of treatments before harvest had more recovery in T1 green manuring and stubble rotation was 9.86 and in T2 CPF 251 variety having more deterioration capacity after ripening maximum recovery was 11.40. While in T3 IPM virtako and trichogramma cards having more recovery 90.90 apply and installed different interval of time. Therefore, in T4 bio fertilizer and gypsum having highest recovery 10.08. After post harvest maximum recovery loss in T5 sour cane 7.93, while after 96 hours from cut to crush loss in 8.8 and reported 24 hours from cut to crush recovery were noted 10.90. Implied waste is enhanced throughout in the field, storage, carriage, treatment mainly in the mills which do not keep suitable sanitation control. Improving sugarcane and making of sugar disseminate by several conditions. Profuse research obtainable on justification of post-harvest deterioration and manageable standards accommodate it. It is concluded that fine variety us 633 has lees deterioration adaptation of new technologies, early maturing, sowing techniques, fertilizer management (stubble rotation, green manuring, bio fertilizer), trash mixing into soil increase the soil health as well as increase the yield and also eco friendly as well as atmospheric save and other infrastructure amenity such as mill management, its capacity and machinery.

Effect of Learning and Development Opportunities on Job Performance: Mediating Role of Learning Transfer Environment

Danish Khan — 2025-04-10

This study examines the impact of Learning and Development (L&D) opportunities on job performance, with a specific focus on Business Process Organizations (BPOs) in Pakistan. While previous research has explored the relationship between L&D and employee performance in developed economies, there remains a lack of empirical evidence in the Pakistani context. This study employs quantitative research design, collecting data from 178 employees working in BPOs in Islamabad. Using regression and mediation analyses, the findings reveal that L&D opportunities have a significant positive effect on job performance, explaining 74.8% of the variance in employee performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the Learning Transfer Environment (LTE) as a critical mediating variable, demonstrating that an enabling LTE enhances the transfer of learned skills to workplace tasks, thereby amplifying performance outcomes. The research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the role of contextual factors such as organizational culture, managerial support, and resources in optimizing learning effectiveness. Practical recommendations include designing tailored training programs, fostering a culture of continuous learning, and implementing mentorship initiatives to enhance skill retention and application. The study's implications extend to HR practitioners and policymakers, emphasizing the need for structured L&D strategies to improve workforce productivity. Future research directions suggest longitudinal studies and qualitative investigations to further explore moderating variables affecting L&D effectiveness.

Fintech Innovation and its Impact on Financial Services in Pakistan

Muhammad Zubair Rao — 2025-04-22

This study researches the impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) in the areas of banking transformation in Pakistan. It highlights particular adoption barriers such as regulatory restrictions, cybersecurity issues, trust deficits, and consumer apprehensions. The primary data was collected through the online survey distributed among respondents who are interested in FinTech across the country of Pakistan. A descriptive analysis alongside structural equation model (SEM) analysis was conducted for assessment of consumer adoption patterns and key determinants. Based on the facilitators, results suggest that 72% of the consumers are currently using the FinTech services. These results show increased usage, availability, and affordability. Risk of fraud and data compromise concerns, however, hinder adoption by a wider audience. Mainstream banks are also limited in their adoption of FinTech because of regulation and the technology resistance. There is progress However, Government initiatives like Raast (instant payment system) in Pakistan is boosting aid in financial access but there is still room for improvement. This study contributes to empirical knowledge in the FinTech exploring consumer behavior, challenges of regulation/law and future trends related to adoption in Pakistan. It provides strategic guidance for policy makers, investors, and banks in emerging markets.

Baseline Hemato-Biochemical Parameters for Health Monitoring of Homing Pigeon

Farrukh Aziz — 2025-04-19

This study was designed to establish the reference values of hematological, liver function (LFT), renal function (RFT), and cholesterol profiles in homing pigeons (Columba livia domestica) to provide baseline data for their health evaluation. Blood samples were collected from male and female homing pigeons during the breeding season in Okara, Pakistan. The hematological parameters revealed that hemoglobin (Hb) levels were 23.53±1.22 g/dL in males and 26.77±2.01 g/dL in females, while total RBCs were 3.63±1.39 ×10⁶/µL in males and 2.73±0.70 ×10⁶/µL in females. PCV was recorded as 58.10±1.59% in males and 61.63±1.35% in females. MCV was significantly higher in females (178±2.29 fL) than males (163.1±1.63 fL). In the biochemical analysis, serum total protein was 7.46±1.22 g/dL in males and 7.1±0.89 g/dL in females, while cholesterol levels were significantly higher in females (230.8±1.43 mg/dL) compared to males (220.7±2.05 mg/dL). Serum Urea levels were 18.33±2.05 mg/dL in males and 28±1.63 mg/dL in females, while serum creatinine was 0.9±0.24 mg/dL in males and 1.33±0.47 mg/dL in females. Highly significant differences (p<0.01) were found in WBCs, MCV, RDW-CV, MPV, eosinocytes, serum alkaline phosphatase, ALT, and serum urea values between male and female pigeons. In conclusion, the present study successfully provides baseline hematological and biochemical reference values for male and female homing pigeons, which can assist in their health monitoring and clinical assessments. It is recommended that future research should include larger sample sizes from different regions to develop a comprehensive health profile of Columba livia domestica for conservation and veterinary purposes.

Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Biomedicine: Recent Innovations, Mechanisms of Action, and Future Perspectives– A Mini Review

Ali Umar — 2025-04-19

Metal-based nanoparticles (M-NPs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials with exceptional potential in diverse biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical, biological, and functional properties. This mini-review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and biomedical utilization of M-NPs. The review highlights key applications of M-NPs in antimicrobial therapy, drug delivery, cancer treatment, biosensing, and diagnostic imaging. Special emphasis has been placed on recent innovations, including smart/functionalized nanoparticles, surface modification strategies for targeted delivery, nano-hybrids, multi-metallic systems, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which have significantly enhanced the therapeutic performance of M-NPs. The review also discusses how these nanoparticles work, including creating ROS, breaking down membranes, binding to DNA/RNA, changing proteins, and causing cell death, which all contribute to their effectiveness in medicine. However, significant clinical barriers such as toxicity, biosafety issues, and regulatory limitations have so far hampered their progress. Thereafter, the future vantage point for the advancement remains on the introduction of safer methods, personalized nanomedicine, nanoenabled regenerative medicine, and multifunctional intelligent NPs and the interviewing way from the laboratory research to the clinic. In general, metal-based nanoparticles are a powerful and promising platform in nanomedicine that will be part of future healthcare strategies.

Predicting Heart Disease Risk Using Machine Learning Models and Feature Selection Techniques

Sohaib Latif — 2025-04-01

Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, making early detection essential for improving patient outcomes. With advancements in machine learning (ML), predictive models now offer a powerful way to assist doctors in diagnosing heart disease more accurately and efficiently. This study explores various ML algorithms, including Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Naïve Bayes (NB), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), to identify the most effective approach for heart disease prediction. Using the Cleveland Heart Disease Dataset, which contains 1,025 patient records with 14 medical attributes, we preprocessed the data, selected key features, and optimized model parameters. After evaluating the models with 10-fold cross-validation, the Random Forest model achieved the highest accuracy (98%), followed by Decision Tree (97%). These results highlight the potential of ML-based tools in clinical decision-making, helping doctors detect heart disease at an earlier stage and make informed treatment plans.

Neonatal Thrombocytopenia as a Consequence of Pregnancy Induced Hypertensive Mother

Dr Muhammad Zain Ul Abideen Roy — 2025-04-03

Objective: To determine the frequency of Neonatal thrombocytopenia as a consequences of Pregnancy induced Hypertensive Mother
Methods: After the ethical approval from the institutional review board, this crossectional study was conducted at Department of Paediatrics, Sialkot Medical College, Sialkot from 05/September/2024 to 05/January/2025. Through non-probability consecutive sampling 140 neonates age l-24 hours, both genders, delivered after 32-weeks of gestation, females with pregnancy induced hypertension were included in the present study
Results: Thrombocytopenia was observed in 49% (n=69) of neonates. Gender showed a highly significant association (p<0.0001), with all thrombocytopenic cases occurring in males (n=63). Similarly, gestational age was strongly associated (p<0.0001); all cases of thrombocytopenia occurred in neonates born before 37 weeks of gestation. Apgar scores were also significant (p<0.0001), as all neonates with scores under 5 had thrombocytopenia.
Conclusion: In conclusion, neonatal thrombocytopenia has direct relationship with maternal PIH especially when the baby is preterm, male or born with low Apgar scores

Levels of Burnout and Resilience Among Nursing Staff at a Public Sector Tertiary Hospital in Swat.

Nasar Mian — 2025-04-03

Background: Burnout refers to a state of physical, emotional, and psychological fatigue resulting from over time exposure to stress, particularly in demanding domains such as health care. While coping builds the ability to withstand stress and cope with pressure, resilience is the ability to bounce back to normal wellbeing after a stressful period easily. In its simplest terms, nurses—counted among the fundamental members of the health care system offer crucial patient care in sometimes testing circumstances.
Aim: The study aimed to assess burnout and resilience among nurses working in a public-sector tertiary care hospital in District Swat.
Methods: The study employed an analytical cross-sectional design to assess burnout and resilience among nurses in a tertiary care hospital in Swat. A convenient sampling technique selected 84 nurses, meeting specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) over two weeks and analyzed via SPSS (version 26). Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests examined burnout, resilience, and their associations.
Results: The study assessed burnout and resilience among 84 nurses in a tertiary care hospital. Most participants were young females with moderate levels of burnout and resilience. The most prevalent burnout dimensions were emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Significant associations were found between resilience and all burnout dimensions, highlighting the importance of resilience in reducing burnout.
Conclusion: The study found moderate levels of burnout among nurses, especially in emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. Most nurses demonstrated moderate resilience, but a significant portion showed low resilience. A strong association between burnout and resilience suggests that improving resilience could help reduce burnout and enhance nurses' wellbeing in high-stress environments.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Forward Head Posture in Early Adolescence

Dr. Zain Ali — 2025-04-03

People who spend a lot of time sitting and reading or using a computer frequently develop forward head posture. The weight of the head is kept in front of gravity in a forward head position, shortening the sub occipital muscles and lengthening the pre- vertebral muscles, which increases the flexion moment of the spine. Increased neck discomfort, headaches, temporomandibular (jaw) joint dysfunction, and limited neck mobility are all linked to forward head position. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of forward head posture in students and young adults and to assess the risk factors of forward head posture. The craniovertebral angle is the most widely used measurement for assessing forward head posture. Subjects are included and excluded according to the criteria developed. Measurement of the craniovertebral angle is usually performed with the help of photometric way and with the help of goniometer. A self-made questionnaire is formed to identify the risk factors. Forward head posture and the magnitude of the craniovertebral angle are inversely related. Data showed that out of 370 participants 267 students have forward head posture while the remaining 103 have not. Those who have forward head posture also find in the activity like reading books in abnormal posture, playing electronic gadgets while bending their head and carrying a heavy bag pack. Prevalence of forward head posture is found to be 72.2% among the students with the age between 12-16. Forward Head Posture is found more prevalent in boys than girls.

Comparative Effects of Semont Liberatory Maneuver and Cawthorne Cooksey Exercises in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Bppv)

Dr. Anbreena Rasool — 2025-04-04

Dizziness is an impression of turning or spinning. The patient feels or thinks motion as a result of the vestibular system's dysfunction. It is associated with vertigo, nausea, and difficulty standing and walking. The most common cause of vertigo is BPPV, impacts between 20% and 40% of patients with peripheral vestibular disease affecting the PC. This study's objective was to determine the comparative effects of SLM and CCE in PC BPPV. This is quasi experimental study in which we collected data from Allied Hospital and National hospital Faisalabad. Twenty-eight patients with BPPV participate among two groups. Group A got SLM and group B got CCE in this study. The intervention was performed three times per week for 3 weeks. Liberatory maneuver depends on the theory of cupulolisthiasis. It includes quickly guiding the sufferer through resistance intended to remove the debris from cupula. CCE was utilized to energize and rush the rebuilding of equilibrium to diminish episodes of lightheadedness. Patients were made to lie in prostrate if patient can't sit up. In any case, the patients were made to sit in any situation without arm rest. The patients were included on the basis of criteria for inclusion and exclusion. SPSS version 20 was utilized for the analysis of the data.

Effectiveness of Holding Breath After a Deep Inhalation in Reducing Pain Intensity During an Injection.

Asaf Shah — 2025-04-08

Background
Pain during injections is a common experience for patients, often leading to discomfort and anxiety. Non-pharmacological techniques, such as breath-holding after deep inhalation, have been explored as potential methods to reduce pain intensity. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention in minimizing pain during injections.
Objective
The primary objective was to determine the effectiveness of holding one's breath after deep inhalation in reducing pain during injections.
Methods
A quasi-experimental study was conducted at the emergency department of Saidu Group of Teaching Hospitals, Swat. The study included 80 participants (40 in each group) aged 20–50. The intervention group was instructed to hold their breath after deep inhalation during injection, while the control group received no intervention. Pain intensity was measured objectively (researcher observation) and subjectively (patient self-report) using a numerical pain scale (0–10). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with independent t-tests to compare groups.
Results
The mean objective pain intensity was significantly lower in the intervention group (2.70 ± 1.09) compared to the control group (4.20 ± 1.57; p = 0.000). Similarly, the mean subjective pain intensity was lower in the intervention group (2.63 ± 1.21) than in the control group (4.45 ± 1.63; p = 0.000). A higher proportion of participants in the intervention group reported less pain than in previous injections (67.5% vs. 5.0% in the control group).
Conclusion
Holding breath after deep inhalation effectively reduces pain intensity during injections. This simple, non-pharmacological technique can enhance patient comfort and improve the injection experience. Further research is recommended to validate these findings in diverse populations and settings.

Health Education Awareness: A Silent Catalyst for Restful Sleep, Mental Resilience, and Holistic Well-Being

Ali Umar * — 2025-04-08

Health education awareness plays a critical role in shaping individual health behaviors, including sleep patterns, mental resilience, and overall well-being. However, the extent of its influence on these aspects remains underexplored. This study examines the impact of health education awareness on sleep quality, stress management, mental health, and preventive healthcare behaviors. A comparative analysis was conducted among individuals with and without health education awareness. Data were collected through structured questionnaires assessing key areas, including sleep hygiene, mental well-being, stress management techniques, preventive healthcare engagement, and lifestyle behaviors. Mean scores and standard deviations were analyzed to evaluate differences between the two groups. The findings reveal a strong correlation between health education awareness and improved health outcomes. Participants with health education awareness reported significantly better sleep hygiene, with more consistent sleep schedules and fewer disturbances. They also exhibited higher mental resilience, actively engaging in stress management techniques such as mindfulness, exercise, and social support. Additionally, they demonstrated greater engagement in preventive healthcare measures, such as regular medical check-ups and health monitoring. In contrast, those lacking health education awareness displayed poorer sleep quality, higher stress levels, and lower adherence to preventive health practices. Health education awareness serves as a silent but powerful catalyst for improved sleep, enhanced mental resilience, and overall well-being. By fostering knowledge about health-promoting behaviors, it empowers individuals to adopt proactive healthcare measures, leading to long-term health benefits. These findings highlight the urgent need for widespread health education initiatives to bridge knowledge gaps and promote healthier lifestyles across populations.

Prevalence of St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in End Stage Renal Disease Patients Admitted with Acute Coronary Syndrome at Shifa International Hospital Islamabad

Arsala Khan Kakar — 2025-04-09

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) representing one of the most serious cardiac complications. Due to the unique pathophysiological changes in ESRD, traditional cardiovascular risk factors may not fully predict STEMI in this population.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) among ESRD patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to assess its association with baseline patient characteristics.
Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Inpatient Department of Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, over a six-month period from November 2024 to April 2025. A total of 71 ESRD patients aged 30–60 years on maintenance hemodialysis for at least three months and admitted with ACS were included. Data were collected on demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory parameters. STEMI was diagnosed based on ECG changes and elevated troponin levels. Associations with baseline variables were assessed using the chi-square test.
Results: Among 71 patients, the mean age was 46.72 ± 8.88 years, with a mean BMI of 25.43 ± 4.84. STEMI was diagnosed in 14 patients, yielding a prevalence of 19.7%. STEMI was more frequently observed in patients aged 30–40 years (28.6%), females (20.9%), obese individuals (27.3%), and non-smokers (22.2%); however, no association with age, gender, obesity, smoking, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia was statistically significant.
Conclusion: STEMI is a common cardiac event in ESRD patients admitted with ACS. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors did not significantly predict STEMI in this cohort, suggesting the need to explore uremia-specific contributors.

Preventing Needle Phobia in Children: The Efficacy of Distraction Techniques

Naheed Akhtar — 2025-04-09

Background: Needle phobia exists in almost 50% of children despite being a condition that produces significant discomfort regarding necessary medical treatments. Virtual reality (VR) bubble blowing and tablet games demonstrate the potential to decrease both procedural pain and fear in children, but established standard operating procedures are currently absent.
Aim: This study evaluated the effectiveness of structured distraction interventions compared to standard care in reducing pain, fear, and distress during pediatric needle procedures while assessing procedural success and parent satisfaction.
Methods: A quasi-experimental research study included 60 children aged 3-12 years who received randomized grouping into either structured distraction intervention (VR, bubbles, or tablets) or standard care conditions at Saidu Teaching Hospital. The outcomes addressed pain using FPS-R/FLACC scales and fear through CFS measurements, success rate figures for the first attempt procedures, assessment of duration and parent satisfaction levels, and documentation of distress behaviors. The SPSS v28 program with p<0.05 significance level analyzed the data using independent t-tests and chi-square tests.
Results: First-attempt success proved higher, along with decreased pain (2.1±1.4 vs. 4.7±1.8) and fear (1.8±0.9 vs. 3.9±1.2) among subjects receiving structured distraction methods (p<0.001). VR provided the most significant success rate along with the least amount of pain (1.7±1.1) among all intervention methods, yet bubbles (2.0±1.3) and tablets (2.6±1.6) showed intermediate outcomes. Twenty-four seconds shortened the procedural time (p=0.002), and parent satisfaction rates increased to 83.3% while remaining at 40% in the control group (p<0.001).
Conclusion:The adoption of structured distraction techniques leads to better procedural findings and improved patient experience outcomes. Research has demonstrated virtual reality as the best approach, although cost-effective bubble techniques could also deliver successful results. Medical staff should adopt this intervention into their practice for improved care of pediatric patients.

A Review of Neurological Symptoms and Complication of Covid 19

Mehwish Wazir — 2025-04-09

The first case was identified in December 2019, the Human coronavirus disease 2019 (HCOV-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, spread quickly, resulting in a global pandemic. As of early 2025, the virus infected over 200 countries, with over 3.5 million cases and an estimated 165,000 to 243,000 fatalities. Largely characterized by respiratory and cardiovascular complications, recent studies highlight the wide-ranging effect of the virus on the nervous system. The neurological presentations range from mild manifestations, such as headache (in about 10–20% of patients), dizziness, and hyposmia—the most frequent peripheral nervous system symptom—to severe complications, such as encephalopathy, acute cerebrovascular disease (e.g., ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage), Guillain-Barré syndrome, and sporadic cases of acute transverse myelitis or encephalitis. Importantly, neurological deficits may occur prior to the onset of characteristic respiratory symptoms (such as fever and cough) in 20–30% of cases, making early diagnosis challenging and allowing for transmission risks in the healthcare setting.
Pathophysiologic mechanisms remain to be explored but are likely to include direct viral neuroinvasion through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, cytokine storm induction due to systemic inflammation, and hypercoagulability with subsequent thrombotic events. Delirium and encephalopathy are more common in critically ill patients and may be due to hypoxia or multiorgan failure. Chronic neurological sequelae like cognitive impairment and postexertional fatigue are increasingly observed in "long COVID" patients, and this suggests that monitoring in the long term may be necessary.
This review consolidates current situation of the neurological spectrum of HCOV-19 and the need for early detection and multidisciplinary management. Frontline doctors and neurologists need to remain in increased suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with acute neurological syndromes, regardless of respiratory symptoms, to facilitate early isolation and treatment. Research is necessary to unravel the neurotropic capacity of the virus, maximize therapeutic intervention, and prevent long-term disability burden.

Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Training on Clinical Decision-Making Skills Among Nursing Students

Naveela Kausar — 2025-04-10

Background: Simulation-based training (SBT) is increasingly recognized as an effective teaching method for developing clinical decision-making skills (CDMS) in nursing education. Traditional classroom methods often fail to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical application, creating challenges for students in real-life healthcare settings.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of simulation-based training on enhancing clinical decision-making skills among final-year nursing students.
Methods: A quasi-experimental pre- and post-test design was conducted involving 60 final-year nursing students from various colleges in Swat, Pakistan. Participants underwent six simulation sessions over two weeks. Clinical decision-making skills were assessed using a validated tool before and after the intervention. Paired sample t-tests and chi-square tests were employed to analyze the data.
Results: The mean post-test score (25.75 ± 3.90) was significantly higher than the pre-test score (18.40 ± 4.25), with a mean difference of 7.35 (p < 0.001), indicating a substantial improvement. No significant associations were found between demographic variables (gender and age) and post-test scores (p > 0.05), suggesting that simulation training is practical across different groups.
Conclusion: Simulation-based training significantly improves clinical decision-making skills among nursing students, even those without simulation experience. It is an inclusive and impactful educational approach that can enhance learning outcomes regardless of demographic background. These findings support integrating simulation-based strategies into nursing curricula to better prepare students for real-world clinical practice.

A Comparative Study of Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Clinical Learning Environments in Urban and Semi-Urban Regions of Pakistan

Zeeshan Ahmed — 2025-04-11

Background: Clinical learning environments (CLEs) are pivotal in shaping nursing competencies. In Pakistan, disparities in mentorship, infrastructure, and resource allocation across regions influence student perceptions significantly.
Objective: This study compares nursing students’ perceptions of CLEs between urban (Karachi) and semi-urban/rural hospitals (Hyderabad, Khairpur, Larkana) and explores the factors underpinning these differences.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey using the Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI) was administered to 120 BScN students. Both quantitative (independent t-tests, ANOVA via SPSS v26) and qualitative methods (thematic analysis) were employed.
Results: Karachi students reported notably higher satisfaction regarding mentorship (mean = 3.5 vs. 2.9, p = 0.02), resource availability (3.8 vs. 2.6, p < 0.01), and peer collaboration (4.0 vs. 3.2, p = 0.03). Graphical representations reveal distinct clusters for urban and semi-urban responses. Qualitative findings highlighted themes such as the need for better supervision and reduced non-academic workload in semi-urban areas.
Conclusion: Urban CLEs currently outperform semi-urban settings, largely due to superior infrastructure and structured mentorship. Policy reforms focusing on faculty training, resource allocation, and workload management are recommended to standardize educational outcomes across regions.

Chronic Neutrophilic Leukocytosis and Elevated Liver Enzymes with Persistent Body Ache: A Diagnostic Challenge

Zeeshan Ahmed — 2025-04-11

A 20-year-old nursing student reported experiencing intense body pains for the last two years, which worsened at night but showed some relief during the day. He also had elevated liver enzymes (SGPT: 216 U/L), and neutrophilic leukocytosis. Despite undergoing multiple tests, including bone marrow biopsy, genetic analysis (NGS panel of BCR-ABL, JAK2, and myeloid genes, and an autoimmune profile, a definitive diagnosis could not be reached. The patient developed body rashes, weight gain, high blood pressure, and mood swings, likely due to prolonged use of multiple antibiotics and, more recently corticosteroids. The patient’s body aches and rashes have persisted as chronic symptoms. The challenges highlight the challenges in the diagnosis of individuals with unexplained neutrophilic leukocytosis and underscore the need for further studies on the etiology, including lymph node involvement.

Evaluating the Impact of Clinical Supervision on the Development of Core Clinical Competencies in Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Mixed-Methods Study

Rizwan Ullah — 2025-04-11

Background:
Integrating theoretical education and applied nursing skills relies fundamentally on clinical supervision during education programs. Adequate supervision produces qualitative assessments that help students develop core competencies, including communication and critical thinking skills and practical abilities for delivering safe patient care. However, the development of competencies faces barriers due to minimal available resources, large class sizes, and inconsistent supervisory methods, specifically in the under-resourced environments of Pakistan.
Aim: This study examined how clinical supervision methods affect the development of core clinical competencies for medical nursing students in Swat.
Methodology: A convergent parallel mixed-methods design integrated quantitative data sets with qualitative measurements to conduct the research. One hundred eighty undergraduate nursing students participated in the study as part of the stratified random sampling process from years 2 to 4. Survey data were collected through the Clinical Competency Self-Assessment Scale (CCSAS) and Clinical Supervision Evaluation Tool (CSET), and interviews were conducted with twelve students. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, Chi-square tests, and thematic analysis methods were utilized for data analysis.
Results: The research data showed that clinical supervision positively affects competency development (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). Fourth-year students achieved the highest scores in competency tests (mean = 3.8) as their academic level increased. Educational staff highlighted the significance of supervisor assistance and meaningful feedback within a positive learning context yet faced challenges from inadequate staffing and insufficient allocated time.
Conclusion: Proper clinical supervision effectively improves nursing students' clinical competencies. Supervisors should receive training as an essential part of their job, while sufficient resources and periodic evaluations of teaching quality will enhance nursing education results.

Comparative Study of Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride in Obese and Non-Obese Subject

Bushra Zainab — 2025-04-14

Objective: To assess the possible effects on cardiovascular health by comparing the levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol in obese and non-obese people.
Methodology: At Ghurki Hospital in Lahore, a comparative cross-sectional study was carried out. One hundred participants in all were classified as either non-obesity (BMI < 30) or obese (BMI > 30). Following an 8–12 hours fast, blood samples were drawn, and enzymatic colorimetric tests were used to determine the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. SPSS software was used to statistically analyze the data.
Results: The results showed a strong correlation between changed lipid profiles and obesity. The levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol were considerably greater in fat people than in non-obese people. Obesity and hyper-cholesterolemia were shown to be strongly correlated (p = 0.000), with 44% of the study population having high cholesterol levels (≥200 mg/dL). Likewise, hyper-triglyceridemia and obesity were statistically significantly correlated (p = 0.000), with 62% of subjects having increased triglyceride levels (≥150 mg/dL).
Conclusion: Increased levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol are closely linked to obesity, which may raise the risk of cardiovascular disorders. These results emphasize the necessity of early screening and focused interventions, such as dietary and lifestyle changes, to control lipid abnormalities linked to obesity and avoid related health issues.

Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Pus Sample

Areej Imran — 2025-04-14

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a significant problem worldwide, causing infections in both hospitals and the wider community. In Pakistan, MRSA is a serious public health issue, especially when it involves skin and wound infections. This study looked at how common MRSA is in pus samples and examined how it resists common medications. The aim of this research is to find out how frequently MRSA occurs in pus samples drawn from clinical sources. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in selected healthcare facilities in Lahore. A total of 250 pus samples were collected from patients presenting with wound or skin infections. The samples were processed for the isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus using blood and MacConkey AGAR. Methicillin resistance was determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed using the Disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar according to guideline of CLSI. Out of 250 clinical samples analyzed, 49% tested positive for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on 55% of the samples. Among the tested isolates, resistance was observed to Vancomycin (31%), Methicillin (24%), and Ceftriaxone (22%). The highest resistance was noted for Vancomycin. Gender-wise distribution showed a slightly higher infection rate in males (54%) compared to females (46%). The increasing number of MRSA cases found in Staphylococcus aureus is a serious health issue that we need to address. This situation indicates that crucial medicines like methicillin and vancomycin are becoming less effective against these infections. Therefore, it is vital to conduct regular tests and be cautious with the use of antibiotics. Additionally, there is a need to enhance laboratory testing methods since not all samples are being examined. To combat the spread of MRSA, we must focus on improving infection control practices, using antibiotics wisely, and continuously monitoring the situation. By taking these steps, we can better manage and reduce the risks associated with MRSA.

Evaluating the effect of cultural competency training in Nursing Education: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Naveela Kausar — 2025-04-16

Background: The education of nurses requires essential cultural competency training because it provides students with the abilities needed to give fair services to patients from different cultural backgrounds in diverse healthcare environments. The recognized significance of culture competency training shows substantial variations when implemented throughout nursing programs, specifically in lower and middle-income countries, including Pakistan.
Aim: This research examined how students in their third and fourth year of nursing education at Swat, Pakistan, developed cultural competence through a structured educational program.
Methodology: The study utilized a mixed-methods research design that included pre-and post-training quantitative CCAT assessment protocols and post-training qualitative FGDs and interview assessments. This study enrolled 185 Bachelor of Science in Nursing students, 81.1% male and 18.9% female, in their third and fourth year. The research used convenience sampling as the enrollment method. The training period spanned six weeks and delivered content about cultural awareness, bias mitigation techniques, communication methods, and case-based simulation practices.
Results: All CCAT domains experienced marked positive changes based on group statistical analysis results (p < 0.0001 with mean score differences of knowledge 1.07, skills 1.12, and attitudes 0.95). Female nursing students obtained slightly better improvements compared to their male counterparts. Research participants indicated better empathetic abilities and communication skills during their training while they pointed to difficulties accessing support resources and few hands-on learning opportunities as fundamental barriers.
Conclusion: Nursing students acquire better readiness to provide patient care across diverse backgrounds through cultural competency training programs. To successfully implement cultural competency training, curriculum integration must be sustained while institutions offer support and practical learning opportunities.

Factors Affecting Academic Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students at Pak Swiss Nursing College and Hassan College of Nursing Swat

Asaf Shah — 2025-04-16

Background: The educational outcomes of nursing undergraduate students stem from individual characteristics, institutional practices, and external environmental elements. Knowledge of these determinants is essential for achieving better educational results and lowering nursing program attrition.
Aim: This study examined which elements impact academic achievement rates for BSN nursing students enrolled at Pak-Swiss Nursing College and Hassan College of Nursing Swat in Pakistan.
Methods: Between July and November 2024, researchers conducted a quantitative cross-sectional survey that selected 185 nursing students randomly. Subjects responded to self-administered structured questionnaires that examined demographic information, study habits, financial constraints, clinical stress, and institutional support. SPSS software version 26.0 was used to run statistical analyses that included descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and Pearson correlation methods.
Results: Research participants mainly consisted of male subjects (95.1%) within the age range of 20–24 years (95.1%) who reported being unmarried (95.1%). Key findings included the following: Students who studied with their peers ranked highest as those who significantly benefited from positive influences (75.1%), followed by peer collaboration (73.5%). Students' performance suffered due to clinical stress (67.5%) and financial limitations (45.9%). Test results showed that individual study time contributed significantly more to GPA scoring (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) than working together with fellow peers.
Conclusion: The attainment of academic success among nursing students depends on their study routines, their institution's backing, and their ability to manage stress. To boost student performance, specific interventions should be combined with study skills workshops, financial assistance programs, and faculty training efforts.

Association Between Social Media Addiction and Academic Achievement in Undergraduate Nursing Students.

Sohni — 2025-04-18

Background: Social media integration into the life cycle occurs quickly, which has a considerable impact on the academic context, especially for nursing students. With networking benefits, the availability of information resources, and company presence, the social networks have adverse effects by distracting and causing organizational time management and increased academic performance to decline. The present study aims to assess the level of social media addiction of nursing students and its relation to the educational performance of the students to implement corrective measures.
Aim: The study aimed to explore the relationship between social media addiction and the academic performance of nursing students.
Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted among 232 nursing students in Swat using self-administered questionnaires. Participants were selected through convenience sampling, and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Chi-square tests assessed the associations between demographic variables and social media usage patterns.
Results: According to the study, 94% of the respondents said social media addiction was undesirable for their academic performance. Other platforms used include WhatsApp and Twitter as necessary in group learning and subject collaboration. In contrast, the excessive use of social media was said to endanger study time, performance, and clinical practice. Gender, age, marital status, and year of study were statistically significant determinants of social media usage. Hypothesis 3 was also supported; the non-academic activities detected on SNS were more frequent among male and younger students, although older students exhibited diminished interest.
Conclusion: Social media's dual role as a learning tool and a source of distraction highlights the need for effective management strategies. Educators should focus on promoting responsible usage and supporting students, enabling them to balance their academic responsibilities with social media activities.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Pregnant Women

Minahil Shafiq — 2025-04-16

Background: Pregnant women worldwide are impacted by gestational diabetes mellitus, a serious public health issue. macrosomia, pre-eclampsia, and a higher chance of type 2 diabetes.One of the detrimental effects it is associated with in both mothers and fetuses is diabetes. Understanding the prevalence and related risk factors is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment.
Objective: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of GDM among pregnant women and identify key risk factors contributing to its development.
Methodology: Over the course of four months, this cross-sectional study was conducted at Ghurki Hospital in Lahore. A glucose challenge test (GCT) was used to screen 100 pregnant women in total, and those with abnormal results were then screened using an OGTT. SPSS software was used to gather and analyze data on lifestyle, clinical, and demographic factors.
Results: Of the study participants, 56% had GDM. Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2), hypertension, a history of prior GDM, and advanced maternal age (>35 years) were identified as key risk factors. Women with GDM were more likely to experience maternal complications like preeclampsia (20%) and hypertension (21%). GDM was also substantially linked to fetal complications, such as preterm birth (22%), and macrosomia (29%).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the high incidence of GDM emphasizes the necessity of lifestyle changes, early screening, and focused interventions to reduce related risks. To lower the prevalence of GDM and enhance pregnancy outcomes, public health programs emphasizing nutritional counseling and maternal education are advised.

A Review Article on Innovative Strategies for Thalassemia

Muhammad Taha Shahzad — 2025-04-15

Thalassemia, a genetic blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin synthesis, poses a significant global health challenge. With a higher prevalence in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Asia, and parts of Africa, thalassemia has profound implications for affected individuals and healthcare systems. Public health initiatives, including awareness campaigns, genetic screening programs, and advancements in treatment, play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of this hereditary condition. However, economic disparities, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and cultural barriers hinder effective management and prevention strategies. This study aims to explore the current state of thalassemia management, highlighting the obstacles to optimal care while recommending evidence-based public health strategies to enhance treatment outcomes and prevention measures. Public health initiatives addressing thalassemia encompass a range of strategies, including education campaigns, genetic screening, and improved access to treatment. Educational programs inform communities and healthcare professionals about the disorder, inheritance patterns, and the importance of genetic counseling. Additionally, specialized treatment centers and research collaborations enhance the accessibility and quality of care for thalassemia patients. Studies in various regions, including Cambodia, Pakistan, and other high-prevalence areas, indicate that while awareness and screening acceptance are increasing, gaps remain in healthcare accessibility and policy implementation. Despite advancements in thalassemia management, persistent challenges necessitate more comprehensive and inclusive public health strategies. Addressing socioeconomic disparities, improving healthcare infrastructure, and fostering culturally sensitive genetic counseling are essential for effective prevention and treatment.

Emerging Strategies and Rules for T-Cell Receptor Derived Therapy (A review)

Fakhru Nisa — 2025-04-16

TCR-based therapies represent a groundbreaking step forward in cancer immunotherapy, leveraging the immune system's ability to identify and kill cancer cells. This review explores the latest strategies and regulation updates influencing TCR-targeted therapies, presenting an integrated picture of their scientific rationale, recent developments, and prospective future
directions. The review first describes the fundamental mechanisms of TCR-derived therapy, highlighting how TCRs recognize intracellular tumor-associated antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The review then discusses some of the main challenges of the field, including antigen specificity, TCR affinity, off-target toxicity, and tumor
heterogeneity, which hinder the discovery of safe and effective therapies. New technologies like gene editing, synthetic biology, and high-throughput screening are revolutionizing TCR design and delivery to target more precisely and with improved safety profiles. At the same time, regulatory mechanisms are being reformatted to address the challenges of engineered T-cell therapies through revised guidelines and oversight. Clinical trials have also produced promising outcomes, especially in hematologic malignancies and a few solid tumors, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of TCR-based therapies. Results from case studies identify successes and limitations, giving useful insights to maximize treatment effectiveness. In the future, the review underlines the need to create predictive models, investigate combination treatments, and provide more widespread access to personalized immunotherapies. With ongoing advances in research and development, TCR-derived therapy has the potential to become the cornerstone of future cancer treatment—subject to scientific, clinical, and regulatory matters being resolved in harmony.

Comparative Analysis of Renal Parameters in Diabetic Vs Non-Diabetic Patients

Ujala Zafar — 2025-04-18

Objective: To find out comparative analysis of renal parameters in diabetic vs. non-diabetic patients.
Methodology: The present study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of 140 renal patients who affected with and without diabetes at AL Noor Lab & digital X-Ray center from October 2024 to March 2025. Biochemical tests will include renal function tests (serum creatinine and blood urea) and glucose test (fasting, random and HbA1c) conducted to provide a comprehensive biochemical profile for each participant.
Results: This research examined 126 blood samples for blood glucose, urea, and serum creatinine levels by employing standard biochemical techniques. The study population consisted of 51.6% males and 48.4% females in three age groups: 18-33, 34-49 and 50+ years. Statical analysis did not show any significant difference between normal and abnormal values of these parameters (p> 0.05).” Thus, hypothesis was rejected, which means the values were statistically insignificant.
Conclusion: This research points out that diabetes negatively impacts renal functions, with creatinine levels deviating more than urea. Screening and glycemic control are essential in controlling diabetic nephropathy.

Suggested Treatment of Advanced Cancer Patients

Hafiz Umair Altaf — 2025-04-18

More than one million women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year, making it the leading cause of death among women all over the world. It is estimated that one out of every nine Pakistani women will acquire breast cancer, making it the most prevalent type of the disease in the country. The prevalence in Pakistan is two and a half times higher than that in nations such as Iran and India. These include a woman's age and her family's history, an early menarche, combined oestrogen and progestin menopausal hormone intake, alcohol use, inactivity, a low socioeconomic position, and a lack of knowledge about breast cancer. Another risk factor is not having enough information about breast cancer. This review article's objective is to to suggest the advanced treatment for cancer patients . Breast cancer, the disease that affects the most women overall and is a serious concern for public health, strikes one in every eight women in the United States. Immunotherapies that target the specific pathophysiology of breast tumours have recently been developed as a result of recent advances in molecular biology and immunotherapy. Following the start of therapy, it's important to pay attention to the formation of treatment resistance mechanisms, which need to be clarified quickly. In breast cancer targeted therapy, are there any novel molecular resistance mechanisms? And if so, what are the best strategies to overcome this huge obstacle? One of its main goals is to update the public on latest findings in the field, as well as investigate into the possibility of preventing resistance processes in order to lengthen life expectancy for those who suffer from this condition Breast cancer is more likely in women who have certain risk factors. Any relevant risk factors must be evaluated in order to enhance the likelihood of developing an illness. One such risk factor that can be avoided is alcohol consumption. There are, however, some risk factors that cannot be avoided (like a history of breast cancer in the female line of descent). Breast cancer is not a foregone conclusion for women who have risk factors. Breast cancer does not impact all women who have risk factors for the diseas

Incidence of Surgical Site Infections and Associated Risk Factors in General/Surgical Wards in Peshawar

Muzamil Khan — 2025-04-19

Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a major cause of postoperative complications, leading to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. This study examines multiple risk factors contributing to SSIs, including patient demographics, surgical history, postoperative care, infection indicators, healthcare provider practices, antibiotic resistance patterns, environmental influences, surgical team compliance, and nutritional status. A total of 138 patients undergoing various surgical procedures were analyzed. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, type of surgery, duration of hospital stay, wound care practices, presence of infections, antibiotic use, and compliance with infection control measures. Microbiological analysis identified common bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic resistance patterns. Environmental conditions and healthcare provider adherence to infection prevention protocols were also assessed. Statistical analysis was performed to determine significant associations between these factors and SSI incidence. SSIs were confirmed in 23.2% of patients, with Staphylococcus aureus (34.4%), Escherichia coli (28.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.9%) being the most common pathogens. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified in 41.2% of cases, while fluoroquinolone and carbapenem resistance were prevalent among E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Key risk factors for SSIs included emergency surgeries (34.8%), prolonged surgical duration (>2 hours, 23.9%), inadequate postoperative wound care, and poor nutritional status. Environmental conditions, including high patient density and inadequate ventilation, were also linked to higher SSI rates. Compliance with infection control protocols varied, with only 36.2% of suspected infection cases involving patient isolation. Malnourished patients had a significantly higher SSI incidence (28.6%) and longer recovery times compared to well-nourished individuals. The findings emphasize the need for a multifaceted approach to SSI prevention, incorporating strict infection control measures, antibiotic stewardship, environmental optimization, and perioperative nutritional support. Strengthening surgical team compliance, improving postoperative wound care, and addressing modifiable patient risk factors can significantly reduce SSIs and enhance patient outcomes. Future research should focus on long-term strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and develop advanced infection prevention protocols.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Nursing Decision-Making

Arshad Hussain — 2025-04-20

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing nursing by enhancing clinical decision-making. AI-driven tools assist nurses in analyzing patient data, predicting outcomes, and improving care quality. This study explores AI’s role in nursing, highlighting its benefits, challenges, and impact on decision-making to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and patient safety in healthcare settings. Methodology: This quantitative study employed a cross-sectional design to assess the role of AI in nursing decision-making. A sample of 146 nurses was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire measuring AI-assisted decision-making efficiency, accuracy, and usability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis, including mean, standard deviation, and regression analysis. Ethical approval was obtained, and participant confidentiality was ensured throughout the study. Results: The study analyzed responses from 146 nurses, revealing that 78% found AI-assisted decision-making improved efficiency, while 82% reported enhanced accuracy in clinical judgments. AI integration reduced decision-making time by an average of 30%. Regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between AI usage and decision accuracy (p < 0.05). However, 40% of participants expressed concerns about AI dependency. The findings suggest that AI positively impacts nursing decision-making, improving patient care while highlighting the need for proper training and integration strategies. Conclusion: The findings of this study support existing literature, emphasizing the positive impact of AI in nursing decision-making. However, concerns regarding AI’s reliability in complex cases and the need for structured AI training programs highlight areas requiring further exploration. Future research should focus on improving AI reliability and integrating AI-specific education into nursing curricula to enhance clinical decision-making and patient safety.

Assessing The Efficiency of Automated Vs Manual Blood Typing Methods.

Rizwan Ashraf — 2025-04-21

Accurate blood typing is critical in transfusion medicine to prevent life-threatening complications. This review systematically compares the efficiency of automated and manual blood typing methods, evaluating analytical accuracy, operational throughput, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. A literature search spanning 1990–2024 identified 75 studies, which were analyzed to synthesize evidence on both methodologies. Automated systems, leveraging gel microcolumns, solid-phase assays, and AI integration, demonstrated superior accuracy (99.8% concordance vs. 98.5% for manual methods) and throughput (150–300 samples/hour vs. 50–60 samples/hour), with 60–75% lower error rates due to reduced human intervention. However, high initial costs, technical complexity, and infrastructure dependencies limit their adoption in resource-constrained settings. Manual techniques, such as slide and tube agglutination, remain cost-effective and adaptable for low-volume or emergency testing but are prone to subjectivity, longer turnaround times, and higher misclassification rates (8%). Emerging advancements, including point-of-care devices and CRISPR-based typing, promise to bridge current gaps. The review concludes that while automation optimizes precision and scalability in high-volume laboratories, manual methods retain niche relevance in complex serological cases and low-resource environments. Hybrid models integrating automated workflows for routine testing and manual protocols for discrepancies are recommended to balance efficiency and accessibility. Future efforts should prioritize subsidizing automation in underserved regions, advancing AI equity, and strengthening technician training to enhance global transfusion safety.

Role of Gut Microbiota in The Development of Psychiatric Disorders (A Review)

Bilal Ayub — 2025-04-21

Introduction: The human gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining not only physical but also mental health. Emerging evidence highlights its influence on brain development and function through the gut-brain axis. Disruption of this communication system has been linked to various psychiatric disorders.
Objective: This review aims to explore the relationship between gut microbiota and the development of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and schizophrenia. It also evaluates the therapeutic potential of microbiota-targeted interventions.
Methodology: A comprehensive review of current literature was conducted using scientific databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Studies involving both animal models and human subjects from the last 10 years were analyzed to understand the role of gut microbiota in psychiatric conditions.
Results: Different psychiatric disorders are associated with specific gut microbial profiles. Depression correlates with reduced Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus; anxiety with altered microbiota in germ-free mice; ASD with increased Actinobacteria and Erysipelotrichi; and schizophrenia with Collinsella and Corynebacterium. Modulating gut microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation has shown promising outcomes in reducing psychiatric symptoms. However, more human-based studies, particularly on anxiety, are needed.
Conclusion: The gut-brain axis plays a vital role in psychiatric health. Understanding gut microbiota’s influence on mental disorders opens avenues for novel therapeutic interventions. Future research should focus on personalized microbiota-based treatments to manage psychiatric conditions effectively.

Acute Kidney Injury in A Young Adult Following Whey Protein Supplement and Gym Workout (Case Report)

Nasir Manzoor — 2025-04-21

The use of supplements whey protein and excerise for muscle building is prevalent in society. while these suppliments carry signficants risks including severe medical complication like acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal problems. We present a 37-year-old male with mild to moderate swelling on face and feet, bilateral sided flank pain, nausea and vomiting. These suppliments and extreme gym workout enhanced the acute renal injury and gastrointestinal problems. This case highlight the importance of recognizing and managing complications related to exercise and whey protein suppliments. Enhance the social awareness and research on these complications avoid these suppliments and excercises to prevent from the longterm potential problems.

Coexisting Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, and Falciparum Malaria in A 16-Year-Old Female: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge

Suneel Khan — 2025-04-21

This study highlights the complexities of overlapping life-threatening conditions—acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and falciparum malaria—that must be diagnosed and managed in resource-poor settings. A 16-year old young girl presented with 7day history of fever, diarrhea, lower limb weakness, and rectal bleeding. Initial screening confirmed Plasmodium falciparum malaria. She subsequently developed ARDS and GBS, evidenced by albuminocytologic dissociation of cerebrospinal fluid. In spite of mechanical ventilation, intravenous artesunate, and corticosteroids, the patient deteriorated and died on day 8. The case points to the necessity of early diagnosis of GBS in malaria-endemic regions and advocates for multidisciplinary approaches in resource-constrained environments.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Kegel Exercises in Reducing Postoperative Urinary Incontinence Among Elderly Patients Following Pelvic Surgery

Dr. Sabiha — 2025-04-23

Background: UI continues to affect elderly patients considerably after pelvic operation, leading to 40-60% prevalence rates. The evidence supporting the effectiveness of Kegel exercises (pelvic floor muscle training) for elderly surgical patients is not substantial because research in this area remains scarce.
Aim: This study evaluated the effectiveness of structured Kegel exercises in reducing UI severity and improving self-management confidence among elderly patients undergoing pelvic surgery.
Methods: The research employed a quasi-experimental design to study 50 elderly patients (minimum age 60) at a tertiary medical institution. Patient participants conducted Kegel exercises with standard protocols consisting of three daily sessions of ten to fifteen concentrated repetitions for four weeks. Valid questionnaires measured UI severity and confidence levels through a 5-point Likert scale before and after the intervention. A statistical analysis of paired t-tests and chi-square tests was conducted through SPSS version 26.
Results: The outcomes of this study showcased an essential decrease in urinary incontinence severity since participants started from 3.6 (±0.8) but ended at 2.1 (±0.9) (p<0.001, d=1.38). Participants who performed Kegel exercises twice daily achieved an 87.5% improvement while participants with minimal exercise reported only 38.9% improvement in urinary incontinence severity (p=0.001). Participant confidence in performing Kegel exercises showed a significant improvement based on the "Very Confident" ratings, increasing from 4% to 36%. A significant reduction in incontinence occurred most prominently in the patients who started with moderate to severe incontinence, since they comprised 60% of the cohort.
Conclusion: The success of Kegel exercises for UI management highly depends on patient adherence frequency when used by elderly surgical patients. The intervention helps patients feel more confident and incorporates postoperative care as a standard practice

Association of Lipid Profile Abnormalities with NAFLD Severity in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Muhammad Usama — 2025-04-23

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a significant global health issue, and it is frequently associated with metabolic conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Unlike other liver diseases, NAFLD is not caused by alcohol consumption. One of the main characteristics of this disorder is dyslipidemia, or abnormal lipid levels, which is fundamental in metabolic disorders and may lead to NAFLD development. Often coexisting with NAFLD, metabolic syndrome consists of a group of risk factors including insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. The complicated interaction of these elements drives the evolution of NAFLD. Timely diagnosis, assessment of illness severity, and development of focused treatment plans depend on early recognition of dyslipidemia and knowledge of its relationship to the elements of metabolic syndrome.
Objective: This study aims to investigate these relationships to gain a better understanding of the metabolic processes underlying NAFLD, consequently driving improved therapy options.
Methodology: 135 people in total participated in this cross-sectional study to evaluate the frequency of many metabolic diseases including NAFLD, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Clinical evaluations and laboratory tests helped to compile information on these diseases. Descriptive statistics is used to determine the frequency rates of every situation. Chi-square test was performed to evaluate the relationships between NAFLD and other metabolic diseases; Pearson's correlation was utilized to investigate the relationship between NAFLD and dyslipidemia. Setting statistical significance at p < 0.05, all studies were run using the SPSS program to guarantee correct and reliable comparisons.
Results: The study found hat dyslipidemia was the most prevalent condition, affecting 57.00% (77 participants) of the sample, followed by NAFLD, which affected 63.00% (85 participants) of the participants. Hypertension was present in 46.70% (63 participants), and diabetes was diagnosed in 41.50% (56 participants) of the cohort. A positive but weak correlation (0.171, p = 0.047) was found between dyslipidemia and NAFLD, suggesting that the presence of dyslipidemia is associated with an increased likelihood of NAFLD. Descriptive statistics revealed a mean NAFLD score of 0.63 (SD = 0.485) and a mean dyslipidemia score of 0.57 (SD = 0.497), indicating a moderate to balanced prevalence of both conditions. Furthermore, 43.5% of participants with NAFLD also had diabetes, compared to 38.0% in the non-NAFLD group. Hypertension was observed in 51.8% of NAFLD patients, compared to 38.0% in those without NAFLD.
Conclusions: This study highlights the high prevalence of metabolic disorders, including dyslipidemia, NAFLD, hypertension, and diabetes, within the sample population. A weak but statistically significant correlation between dyslipidemia and NAFLD suggests that the presence of one condition may increase the likelihood of the other. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the significance of monitoring complications, particularly hypertension and diabetes, in patients with NAFLD. The results imply that more thorough statistical investigations including chi-square tests are required to investigate the relevance of these correlations in greater depth and enhance our knowledge of the interrelationships among several diseases.

Exploring Nurse Managers' Perception and Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence Integration in Healthcare Settings.

Amna Jabeen* — 2025-04-23

The integration of Artificial intelligence in healthcare setting has the potential to transform the delivery of patient care. However, the success of AI adoption depends on the perception and attitudes of nurse managers, who play a crucial role in implementing and managing healthcare technologies. Such developments will only serve to strengthen the place of AI in the provision of health care services, as well as in the management of patients The healthcare industry is experiencing a significant shift towards digital transformation, with AI being a key driver of this change. This study employed a cross-sectional design, using convenience sampling and questionnaire was designed on Likert scale. Data collected was systematically organized and analyzed using SPSS and Excel. As a result, this research supportss the alternate hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis. AI is recognized as having the potential to revolutionaries’ healthcare, by enhancing the quality of care delivered to patients, streamlining many backend tasks, as well as supporting medical decisions. Establish elaborate training programs tailored towards teaching nurse managers all that they need to know about the AI systems to use and how to use them to their advantage. Skills training should involve demonstration and ethics, agendas and cases on success stories of Artificial Intelligence tools.

Anitimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter Baumanni at Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore Pakistan

Muhammad Shahid Shakoor — 2025-04-25

Objective: The aim of study was to check the Anitimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii at tertiary care hospital in lahore Pakistan.
Methodology: Data from clinical specimens of patients with Acinetobacter baumannii infection were retrospectively studied. Standard microbiological techniques were used to screen for antibiotic susceptibility, and the results were then examined to identify patterns of resistance.
Results: Out of 50 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, the highest infection rate (52%) was observed in patients above 51 years of age, with a slight female predominance (54%). Alarming levels of resistance were recorded against commonly used antibiotics: 92% to ciprofloxacin, 80% to meropenem, 70% to imipenem, and 72% to gentamicin. Only 24%, 8%, 6%, and 16% of isolates, respectively, remained sensitive to these antibiotics. No significant association was found between gender and resistance patterns for any of the tested drugs (p > 0.05). These findings indicate a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains in the hospital setting, underscoring the urgent need for improved antimicrobial stewardship.
Conclusion: The study spotlighted Acinetobacter baumannii’s antibiotic susceptibility pattern at a tertiary care facility in Lahore, Pakistan. In order to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, these findings are crucial for directing antimicrobial stewardship initiatives and empirical treatment decisions.

Role of Computed Tomography in Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease in Pediatrics

Laviza Ashraf — 2025-04-25

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children, necessitating accurate and timely diagnosis. While echocardiography remains the primary modality, computed tomography (CT) offers high-resolution anatomical visualization critical for complex CHD evaluation.
Objective: To assess the diagnostic role of CT in evaluating congenital heart diseases in pediatric patients.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Services Hospital, Lahore, over four months. A total of 45 pediatric patients (newborn to 10 years) with clinically diagnosed CHD were assessed using 64-slice multidetector CT. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.
Results: Of 45 patients, 51.1% were male and 48.9% female. The most common CHD identified was atrial septal defect (48.9%), followed by transposition of the great arteries (40%), patent ductus arteriosus (35.6%), and tetralogy of Fallot (26.7%). CT revealed structural defects with high diagnostic precision, particularly in extracardiac vascular anomalies and complex CHD.
Conclusion: CT imaging proves to be an invaluable diagnostic tool in pediatric CHD, offering detailed anatomical insight that complements echocardiography. Its rapid image acquisition and 3D capabilities support accurate diagnosis and surgical planning.

Sonographic Assessment of Various Causes of Pelvic Pain in The First Trimester of Pregnancy Across Different Age Groups

Munaza Shahid — 2025-04-25

Background: Acute pelvic pain during early pregnancy presents diagnostic challenges due to varying underlying causes. Ultrasonography is the primary imaging modality used in these scenarios due to its safety and diagnostic accuracy
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasonography in identifying various causes of pelvic pain during the first trimester of pregnancy across different age groups.
Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. A total of 82 symptomatic pregnant women in their first trimester were included through convenience sampling. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasounds were performed. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS v24
Results: Among 82 participants, 35.4% experienced bleeding. The most common findings were fibroids (22%), corpus luteal cysts (17.1%), and ectopic pregnancies (9.8%). A strong association was noted between fibroids and bleeding (p < 0.001). The majority of patients (63.4%) had normal findings, and younger women (18–27 years) represented the most affected age group.
Conclusion: Ultrasonography is essential in diagnosing pelvic pain causes during early pregnancy. Fibroids, corpus luteal cysts, and ectopic pregnancies are the predominant pathologies, with a higher prevalence among younger patients.