Physical Education, Health and Social Sciences

Vocabulary Retention Through Pictures and Music in Young Second Language Learners: A Case Study of School Children at IMS

2025-02-11T16:10:34+02:00

This qualitative study highlights the role of pictures and music in vocabulary retention in young second-language learners. By applying the monitor theory by Stephen Krashen as a theoretical framework, this study sheds light on the tailored learning methodologies for young learners. These creative tools are the strategic integration that makes learning fun in a second language classroom without the fear and anxiety of a foreign language. When the comprehensible input is received engagingly, the focus shifts toward learning while the stress is pushed into the background. The findings of the study contribute valuable insights into pedagogical implications that are contradictory to traditional classroom instructions. Moreover, it plays a significant role in overcoming the challenges faced by young second language learners in an anxious and stressful environment which bears a substantial potential in foreign language learning paradigms

Epidemiology of Malaria in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2025-02-11T15:53:54+02:00

Malaria was the intended outcome of this investigation of the prevalence of the disease among patients attending two large hospitals in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. From January 2024 through June 2024, 375 blood samples from patients at two prominent government teaching hospitals the District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital and the Mufti Mehmood Teaching Memorial Hospital of D.I. Khan were randomly obtained for the purpose of diagnosing malaria. A thin blood film and a thick blood film were created on a slide in order to identify Plasmodium parasites under a microscope. Plasmodium was found in 66 out of the total samples. Males had a higher prevalence of positive cases (23.5%) than females (10.5%), making up 17.6% of the total. The male age group over 14 years had the highest proportion at 27.5%, while the female age group under 5 years had the lowest frequency at 5%. The urban population had the lowest frequency at 11.3%, while the rural population had the highest at 21.7%. Mixed infections of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum demonstrated the lowest malaria frequency at 0.8%, whereas P. vivax constituted the most frequent malaria infection at 15.5%.

Evaluation of awareness and incidence of Hyperthyroidism in residence of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan

2025-02-12T02:24:56+02:00

Background: Hyperthyroidism is a common thyroid disorder with multiple underlying etiologies. The disease is characterized by excess of thyroid hormone production. Hyperthyroidism is associated with significant short term and long-term morbidity. Early recognition of the condition and timely instruction of appropriate therapy is crucial.
Method: The data collection for hyperthyroidism included a total of 422 participants. The data was collected from July to August 2024. The sample size was calculated using Rao soft software. For data analysis Microsoft Excel 2019 was used. Statistics (frequency, cumulative frequency, percentage) was calculated.
Result: Of the 422 participants 66.42 % of individuals were reported to know about treatment options of hyperthyroidism.59.28% of participants considered it life threatening. 63.57% participants considered irregular periods in women could be a symptom of hyperthyroidism.
Conclusion: Study findings indicated people have understanding of hyperthyroidism but they do not consider visiting a physician for diagnosis. There is a need for early detection, prevention strategies, improved management of symptoms, proper educational campaigns.

A Study On the Prevelance of Typhoid Fever, Associated with Comorbidities and Management Challenges in Sialkot, Pakistan

2025-02-12T02:36:33+02:00

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection mostly caused by contaminated food and water. It can affect people of any age but most probably the elderly or people living in poor sanitation. Despite it is very common disease occurring in Pakistan many people are unaware of the cause of the disease and they lack information about how to overcome it. The goal of this study is to assess the knowledge and awareness of typhoid fever among general population of district Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 399 individuals from Sialkot's general population. The designed Questionnaire was distributed, dully filled by participants after getting their consent
Results: Out of 399 individuals 85% people are aware of the term typhoid fever remaining 15% are unaware. Certain factors affect awareness levels of typhoid fever among people such as age, education level and gender. 54.1% people consider this disease life threatening 70% people are aware about the diagnostic procedures.
Conclusion:The conclusion of the study is that most of the people of district Sialkot are aware about the disease typhoid fever. Mostly people are aware of the diagnostic procedures and treatment protocols

Abbottabad: A Paradigm of Educational Excellence and a Flourishing Tourism Hub

2025-02-10T12:58:41+02:00

Abbottabad, a picturesque city nestled in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is rapidly emerging as both a beacon of educational excellence and a flourishing tourism hub. Known for its tranquil landscapes and rich cultural heritage, Abbottabad has become a centre of academic growth, housing several prestigious educational institutions that attract students from across the country. The city's commitment to providing quality education, coupled with its scenic beauty, has positioned it as a model for development that balances academia with leisure. This paper explores the dual role of Abbottabad, highlighting its contributions to Pakistan's educational landscape while examining how its tourism industry thrives by drawing both local and international visitors. Through an analysis of educational advancements, infrastructural development, and tourism growth, this study illustrates how Abbottabad is evolving into a paradigm of sustainable development, where education and tourism intersect to foster economic growth and cultural exchange.

Marxist-Feminist Analysis of Haji’s The Writing on my Forehead (2009)

2025-02-11T04:09:34+02:00

The present study aims at the analysis of the novel The Writing on my Forehead (2009) by Nafisa Haji by applying Marxist-Feminist theory. It delineates the idea that women are doubly oppressed on the basis of their gender as well as on the basis of their economic status. This research also propounds that it is possible to come out or emancipate from this oppressed and suppressed plight by removing the causes of their subjugation. One of the prime causes of women’s subjugation is the lack of opportunities to earn. Furthermore, they are also not allowed to own any means of production. Men in the role of husbands subjugate their wives and torture them emotionally as well as physically. They themselves indulge in extra-marital and sexual relationships but expect their wives to be faithful and loyal to them. The source text is analyzed to find out how the chosen novel conforms to Marxist-Feminist theory and it was found that oppression of women in their own families is largely the result of the patriarchal set up of the family. The result seems to conclude that along with patriarchy, economic conditions are a significant determining element in shaping the social roles of human beings particularly women. Women undergo miseries both at the hands of patriarchy and capitalism. If women are empowered economically they would get acceptance as fruitful members of society. The researcher has employed close reading technique to prove her point. The qualitative method of research has been used as this method provides every minute detail and in depth analysis of the text under consideration by applying close text reading technique. Instances from the original text i.e. The Writing on my Forehead are taken and analyzed qualitatively.

The Role of Nurse in Palliative Care in Tertiary Care Hospital

2025-01-29T17:20:36+02:00

Palliative care is specialized, holistic care focused on enhancing the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses by managing pain, symptoms, and emotional, spiritual, and psychosocial needs. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study to assess the role of nurses in palliative care across tertiary hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. A stratified random sample of 123 registered nurses with at least one year of clinical experience participated. Data collected captured nurses' practices, perceptions, and challenges, representing diverse healthcare settings, including oncology and geriatrics departments. Result: This study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, with 123 nurses (92% response rate) from oncology, geriatrics, and ICU departments. Most were female (70%) with a mean age of 31 years. While 78% showed good knowledge of palliative care, 84% had positive attitudes. Common practices included pain management (68%), but barriers included insufficient training (58%) and resource limitations (35%). Conclusion: This study emphasizes the very important role played by nurses while providing palliative care in the hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. A majority of nurses showed good knowledge and positive attitude, but significant barriers hinder effective care delivery, such as lack of formal training, lack of adequate manpower, and insufficient resources. Comparisons with national and international studies suggest similar challenges pointing to the same need for an improvement in systemic changes and education at the level of palliative care. Addressing these barriers through targeted training, policy support, and resource allocation can align local practices with global standards, thus improving the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses in Pakistan.

The Role of Psychiatric Nurses in Suicide Prevention Among Adolescents

2025-01-30T05:58:18+02:00

The purpose was to determine the role of psychiatric nurses in suicide prevention among adolescents. The tenth most frequent cause of mortality for adults is suicide. Since patients frequently contacted primary health care (PHC) before committing suicide rather than seeking specialized psychiatric care, PHC plays a significant role in suicide prevention efforts. Psychiatric nurses play a crucial role in suicide prevention efforts since they frequently have the initial interaction with adolescents and are in charge of triage and assessment. The voices of psychiatric nurses are absent from prior research on suicide prevention in primary care settings. A primary health care (PHC) Rahim Yar Khan (RYK), ten (10) psychiatric nurses participated in qualitative interviews. Conventional content analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Psychiatric nurses may refrain from inquiring about suicidality out of concern for how to respond to the response. Both education and real-world experience are essential to psychiatric nurses' capacity to prevent suicide. Helping the patient proceed to the next care facility proved to be challenging, and it was unclear who was ultimately responsible for the patient. Guidelines and procedures for working together with other care actors in suicide prevention efforts were required. Nurses require favourable working conditions because the PHC-RYK organization does not assist them in preventing suicide. Education and training in the ongoing therapeutic practice, which can be done with less intensive efforts, need to offer suicide prevention more attention and space

Assessing Patient Satisfaction Level Regarding Nursing Quality Care at Secondary Level Public Hospital Charsadda, KPK

2025-01-31T08:01:21+02:00

Introduction: Patient satisfaction with nursing care is a critical indicator of healthcare quality, reflecting how content patients are with the care they receive from nurses. This satisfaction is influenced by various factors, including patient characteristics, expectations, and the quality of nursing interactions. Studies show that high-quality nursing care not only improves health outcomes but also enhances patient loyalty and the reputation of healthcare institutions. Nurses, who are often the primary point of contact for patients, play a pivotal role in shaping patient experiences through effective communication, empathy, and involvement in care decisions. This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design to assess the relationship between various factors affecting patient satisfaction with nursing care. It targeted admitted patients in a public hospital in Charsadda. A sample of 385 patients was determined using a Raosoft online calculator. Convenience sampling was used to select participants due to its accessibility and ease of implementation. The research was conducted from August 25 to November 30, 2024. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Overall, patients reported moderate satisfaction with nursing care. The highest satisfaction levels were for courtesy and respect (37.4%), teamwork (38.2%), and overall nursing quality (40.5%). The lowest satisfaction was related to patient privacy (4.4%), noise levels (8.1%), and those who visited only once. Satisfaction levels were similar for both genders, with male patients slightly more likely to report higher satisfaction. This study highlights the crucial role of nursing care in shaping patient satisfaction, with factors such as effective communication and teamwork significantly enhancing patient experiences. The findings underscore the importance of addressing these gaps to improve overall care quality and meet patient expectations in healthcare settings.

A Voiced to Be Raised: Physical, Workplace & Cyberbullying Harassment from Myth to Reality

2025-01-31T15:37:02+02:00

Sexual harassment is a problem, with forms workplace harassment, cyberbullying that have significant psychological and social impacts. It illuminates misconceptions perceptions concerning the seriousness of these forms of harassment that have significant psychological, and social repercussions. The increasing prevalence of bullying in physical, workplace, and cyberbullying has transformed from a mythologized issue into a harsh reality affecting individuals across all demographics. Physical bullying emerges definitely defined power dynamics, needs the direct display of aggression and violence which lead to permanent trauma for the victims. Workplace bullying, characterized by intimidation, and undermining behavior creates toxic environments to work. Cyberbullying has digital platforms to harass and make members to feel alone, frightened, and helpless or deal of being bullied. It emphasizes to raise awareness about these issues through education and policy reform. Our motive is to raised voice against all types of harassment that we must listen to victims to create a culture nourished on respect and safety.

To Explore the Relationship between Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem and Resilience among Urban and Rural Adults of Pakistan

2025-02-01T05:46:15+02:00

This study explores the relationship between ethnic identity, self-esteem, and resilience among individuals from urban and rural Pakistan by selecting samples from a population of 245 people, in proportion of 120 people from rural and 125 from urban areas, with a cross-sectional survey design. Participants answered questions about resilience, self-esteem, and ethnic identity, with equal numbers of men and women. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Pearson's Product-Moment correlation coefficients were applied to observe the association between the variables. Independent t-tests were conducted to check for gender and geographic differences. The findings of the study showed that self-esteem served as a mediator between ethnic identity and resilience. All the study variables have significant correlations as well (r =.473, p <.01). The concept of resilience provides residents, especially in rural areas, with a more profound ethnic identity than in the case of those in urban areas since the foundation of cultural values is stronger. There are also gender disparities, such as the fact that women were much more resilient and had higher self-esteem than men. These findings support the role of ethnic identification and self-esteem as factors that promote resilience, especially in rural settings. Further by demonstrating these factors, increasing resilience may be enhanced among both urban and rural populations. This study focuses on culturally relevant mental health interventions that can support Pakistani people's overall psychological well-being while also fostering ethnic identity and self-esteem.

Perceived Air Pollution and Health Risks: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan

2025-02-02T04:25:21+02:00

Air pollution poses a significant global health risk, yet public awareness remains limited. This study examines perceptions of air pollution and its health effects among adults in Multan, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using simple random sampling, with 145 participants completing a structured questionnaire adapted from Egondi et al. (2013). Data were analyzed using SPSS, applying descriptive statistics. Findings reveal that 47% of participants had a low perception of air pollution levels, while 27% rated it as average and 26% as high. Similarly, 40% had a low perception of air pollution-related health risks, with 30% perceiving them as average and 30% as high. The most commonly identified sources were industries (24%), cooking fuel (23%), dust (17%), and vehicle emissions (14%). Reported health effects included cough/cold (46%), asthma (20%), and breathing difficulties (14%), while only 2% linked air pollution to cancer. The study highlights low public awareness of air quality and its health implications, despite a highly educated sample. The findings emphasize the need for targeted awareness campaigns to improve understanding and encourage preventive actions. Policymakers and healthcare professionals can use these insights to design interventions promoting environmental responsibility. Stronger regulations and community engagement are essential to mitigate air pollution’s adverse effects and enhance public health in Pakistan.

Exploring the Status and Preservation of Ancient Traditions Across Various Localities of Lower Tanawal District, Abbottabad, Pakistan

2025-02-02T19:27:14+02:00

Change is the unchangeable law of nature. It is an integral part of our lives, occurring in stages. At various points in history, numerous changes have taken place in society. Cultural societies have evolved from primitive stages, rising and falling with the passage of time. However, the nature of humans continues to transform in response to the evolving patterns of society. No human society remains static for long, as change is an inevitable phenomenon. This study aims to examine the current status of certain ancient traditions in Lower Tanawal, District Abbottabad. It also seeks to analyse the status of various Hindko terms from different localities and explore the status of some traditional food items in the area. A mixed-method research approach has been employed for this study, with a primary focus on quantitative research. The findings of this study are intended to draw the attention of researchers and policymakers to take necessary steps to preserve and protect local indigenous cultures.

Relationship Between Managerial Coaching Skills and Team Performance

2025-02-04T04:49:09+02:00

To examine the presence and strength of a relationship between managerial coaching capability and team performance. To identify moderating and mediating contextual factors within this relationship. Based on past explorations, this present research focuses on identifying how some elements of managerial training and development practice in terms of coaching behaviors in leadership and ways of allocating resources to teams affects team efficiency and success. For this research the data was gathered conveniently and the respondents were mostly students from a University. Furthermore, survey links were spread the WhatsApp application and through QR codes. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and the various tools ranging from Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Model Fitness Index and Linear Regression hypothesis test were used.
The study outcomes show a strong, positive relationship between managerial coaching behaviors, prospecting, questioning, positive feedback, and direction and team performance measures utilizing task performance, work motivation, and learning. Thus, the study highlights the need to fill these gaps and examine contextual antecedents of managerial coaching skills and team performance. This way organizations can enhance advance on the coaching solutions

Assess Job Satisfaction Level Among Nurses in Public and Private Sector Hospital Peshawar

2025-02-04T08:22:42+02:00

Job satisfaction is a key factor in determining employees' overall happiness at work, reflecting how well their expectations align with their job responsibilities and work environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a nurse as an individual with basic nursing education who practices nursing in their field. Job satisfaction is a complex and dynamic aspect of employment that can influence both positive and negative relationships among employees, as well as their work behaviors. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in two tertiary-level hospitals, one in the public sector and the other in the private sector. Data were collected from 218 nurses (109 from each sector) using a convenient sampling technique. Data were gathered through an adopted job satisfaction questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 27. The results indicate a statistically significant difference between the two groups (private and public hospitals), with p < 0.05, suggesting that employees in public hospitals report higher overall job satisfaction compared to employees in private hospitals. The analysis also provides valuable insights into the factors contributing to job satisfaction among hospital staff, with implications for improving workplace conditions, salary structures, and support systems within the hospital environment. Nurses in the public sector are more satisfied than those in the private sector. Factors influencing job satisfaction include salary, job security, and policies. The government should consider implementing policies for the private sector as well to enhance nurse job satisfaction. Further qualitative research on this topic is needed.

The Effects of Social Media on Sleep Quality and Eye Health: A Comprehensive Review

2025-02-05T03:59:48+02:00

This study explores the impact of social media on physical health we mainly focus on sleep and eyesight over the university students. It highlights the increasing use of social media with students spending most of the time on different apps on social media like Facebook and Instagram leading to disturbs the sleeping patterns and digital eye strain of youngster. Our research found that most of the time that youngster spend on social media specially before bedtime, negatively affected on sleep quality of youngsters by disrupting circadian rhythms and face difficulties in falling asleep. Additionally, screen time has directly linked to eye strain, dryness and headaches largely due to blue light exposure. The study also suggests that use of social media may cause mental fatigue, further contributing to physical health issues. By analyzing the responses of 106 students, the study confirmed that excessive social media use significantly harms sleep quality and eyesight. The results support the hypothesis that prolonged screen time has adverse effects on health. This research underscores the need to balance social media use to prevent physical health issues in the digital age.

Assessing the Level of Knowledge Regarding Basic Life Support in Undergraduate Nursing Students at Private Colleges of Nursing at Peshawar, Pakistan

2025-02-05T06:16:43+02:00

This study looks at the level of knowledge about Basic Life Support (BLS) among undergraduate nursing students at private colleges in Peshawar, Pakistan. BLS is a crucial skill for healthcare workers, especially in emergency situations where quick action can make a life-or-death difference. The goal of this research is to assess how prepared nursing students are to perform BLS and to pinpoint areas where their training could be improved

The Impact of Political Instability on Financial Anxiety, Career Orientation, Job Aspirations, Academic Performance, and Psychological Well-being among University Students

2025-02-05T09:50:16+02:00

This study examines the impact of political instability on financial anxiety, career orientation, job aspirations, academic performance, and psychological well-being among university students in Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted using stratified random sampling to select 400 students from various academic disciplines. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire incorporating validated scales such as the Financial Anxiety Scale, Career Adaptability Scale, Career Aspiration Scale, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Brief Resilience Scale. Results indicate a significant correlation between political instability and financial anxiety (r = .482, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis shows that political instability significantly predicts financial anxiety (β = .38, p = 0.001) and academic engagement (β = .21, p = 0.010). Students perceiving high political instability demonstrate lower academic performance (M = 2.61, SD = 0.74) than those perceiving low instability (M = 3.12, SD = 0.68, p = 0.001). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis confirms that political instability increases stress (β = .50, p = 0.001) and anxiety (β = .47, p = 0.002) while decreasing emotional resilience (β = -0.34, p = 0.005). Students primarily use problem-focused coping (M = 3.98, SD = 0.85), followed by emotion-focused coping (M = 3.45, SD = 0.72). The study underscores the need for institutional interventions to support students facing political instability.

Psychological Complications in Fetus of Teenage Mothers: A Mix Method Study

2025-02-07T04:33:09+02:00

Teenage pregnancies present significant health and psychological challenges, particularly in underdeveloped and populated region like Faisalabad District, Punjab, Pakistan. The study is aimed to evaluate psychological complications through semi structured interviews and observation methods through longitudinal strategy that may arise in fetuses due to maternal stress, inadequate medical care, and socio economic factors associated with adolescent pregnancies. Maternal stress and anxiety during the production period have been linked to altered fetal brain development, increasing the risk of cognitive and emotional disorders in newborns. Additionally, poor nutrition, lack of medical care, and social stigma contribute to developmental delays, low birth weight, and higher incidents of mental health disorders in the later life. This is suggested to tackle the targeted health program urgently, mental health care through psychotherapy, and educational initiatives to mitigate the risk associated with teenage pregnancies in Faisalabad. By addressing these issues, the neonatal health outcome and prolonged psychological burden on both mother and child can be improved by health initiatives and education.

Attitudes of Nursing Students in Pakistan Regarding Mental Health Awareness

2025-02-08T04:49:34+02:00

Introduction: Mental health awareness is crucial for nursing students, as they play a vital role in patient care. This study explores their attitudes, perceptions, and willingness to engage in mental health education and care, highlighting factors influencing their perspectives and the need for improved awareness. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a nursing institute in Karachi, Pakistan, with a sample of 132 undergraduate nursing students selected through stratified random sampling. A validated self-administered questionnaire assessed demographic details, mental health awareness, attitudes, and help-seeking behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS, employing descriptive and inferential statistics, ensuring ethical considerations. Result: Among 132 nursing students, 68% had prior exposure to mental health topics, but only 40% had a strong understanding. Stigma was prevalent, with 45% holding negative perceptions. Only 30% showed strong willingness to pursue mental health nursing. Barriers to seeking help included fear of judgment (60%) and lack of trust (50%). Conclusion: The study found that nursing students had moderate mental health awareness but exhibited stigma and reluctance toward psychiatric nursing. Limited exposure and societal perceptions influenced their attitudes. Integrating mental health education into curricula and awareness campaigns is essential to reduce stigma, improve confidence, and enhance students' ability to support mental health care effectively.

Correlation of Anemia with Malaria in Children of Age Group 1-12 Years Admitted at Khairpur Medical College Hospital

2025-02-08T16:00:57+02:00

Malaria is a major cause of anemia in children with a complex, bidirectional relationship caused by the parasite plasmodium leading to hemolysis and anemia. Malaria can also increase the risk of severe anemia, as a lower hemoglobin concentration can lead to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues, exacerbating hypoxia and organ dysfunction. Anemia is a disorder characterized by a low hemoglobin concentration or a low red blood cell count, whereas malaria is a parasite infection carried by the bite of infected mosquitoes. According to data from the World Health Organization, Pakistan reported more than 3.4 million suspected cases of malaria from January to August of 2022, which is more than the 2.6 million instances that were noted in 2021. The main objective of proposed study is to investigate the correlation of malaria with anemia in children of age group 1-12 years. Study was conducted on 260 patients of malaria and anaemia, and 150 individuals were used as control group. Demographic result showed socioeconomics, residential locations, literacy and detailed history about malaria and anaemia. The finding from survey questionnaire, we concluded that socioeconomic conditions, residential locations and literacy rate are significant risk factors of the disease. The incidence of correlation of malaria with anaemia is determined to be higher in male than female children with school going child above the 5 years of age. The 208 children were plasmodium vivax positive, 42 children were plasmodium falciparum positive, and 10 patients weremixed picture. In plasmodium vivax positive patients 33% had blood transfusions which indicated the severity of anemia with PV (Hb < 5.0 mg/dl. Whereas in plasmodium falciparum positive patients 16% had blood transfusions which showed the severity of anemia with PF (Hb < 6.0 mg/dl. Malaria frequently associated with anaemia in term of haemoglobin, erythrocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. The conclusion drawn from study, there is strong correlation of anaemia with malaria in children

Development of an indigenous scale for Satisfaction with Medical Care

2025-02-09T04:08:51+02:00

The current study emphasized its attention to develop an indigenous scale on Patient’s satisfaction with medical care in Urdu language. The scale was developed with purpose to illuminate the satisfaction level of patients from their respective doctors, staff and facilities provided to them in hospital where they are being treated. Age range for scale was 30-60 years. Patients admitted and being treated were considered for evaluation only. The initial draft was prepared through literature’s assistance, experts’ opinion, interviews and personal observations. Piloted study was also conducted to estimate the length and effectiveness of items. After piloting study, exploratory factor analysis was done via SPSS and principal component analysis was also applied. The cronbach’s alpha of three-factor model was .94. KMO and Bartlett’s test also explicates its reliability. Two factors named quality and comfort of health care facilities, wait time and finance were conducted after the analysis on the basis of literature review. Items total correlation was also evaluated. Exploratory factor analysis was done to extract the factors, factor structure and to finalize the items. Principal component analysis was done with varimax rotation method. The analysis explicated the scale’s reliability that the scale is reliable and valid for patients admitted in medical care unit. After exploratory factor analysis confirmatory factor analysis was done with AMOS 22 to confirm the scale’s reliability it also illustrated that scale is reliable. For estimating reliability, test-retest method and convergent validity was done. The results revealed that the test is valid and reliable. The findings revealed that scale is the best measure for research purpose and for clinical administrations.

The Fast-Food Experience: Key Determinants of Satisfaction and Loyalty Among University Students

2025-02-10T04:25:10+02:00

Drawing on signaling theory, this study aims to understand how food quality, price fairness and service quality drive customer satisfaction. Furthermore, it also examines the subsequent effect of customer satisfaction on fostering customer loyalty. The extant literature reveals a scarcity of studies exploring the determinants of customer loyalty in Pakistan’s fast-food sector, with most prior research predominantly focusing on fast-food establishments in developed countries. This study addresses these gaps in the literature. Convenience sampling was employed, and data were collected from 180 students of Malakand University through structured questionnaire. Regression analysis results indicated significant relationships between food quality, price fairness, service quality, and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated a substantial and positive customer satisfaction association between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This study presents significant implications for restaurant operators seeking to comprehend the pivotal roles of food quality, service quality, and price fairness in shaping customer satisfaction and loyalty. It underscores the importance of prioritizing high-quality food at fair prices while enhancing service quality. The service staff plays a crucial role in delivering exceptional dining experiences, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and promoting customer loyalty. In addition, the paper critically examines the study’s limitations and calls for future research

Understanding the use of Indexical, Symbolic and Iconic signs in the interface of Twitter and Facebook: A semiotic perspective

2025-02-10T04:33:36+02:00

Icons, signs, and symbols are important in modern communication systems, particularly digital language. Social media platforms make considerable use of these graphic components in their user interfaces (UI & UX) to allow users to easily traverse various functions. Sites such as Twitter and Facebook, which are well-known for connecting people all over the world, use a variety of icons to help users interact and complete tasks. This paper sought to investigate these icons and their intended meanings, basing its analysis on semiotics. It examined how indexical signs, icons, and symbols in Facebook and Twitter's user interfaces engaged users, helping to generate both inferred and explicit meanings. Data were sourced directly from Twitter and Facebook interfaces, demonstrating that iconic and symbolic signs dominated the graphical representations, with obvious meanings.